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Disadvantages of robotic surgery Cost Robotic surgery remains more costly than minimally invasive...

Analgesia The type and extent of analgesic requirement will depend on both the patient and proce...

DEFINITION Minimal access surgery is a product of modern technology and surgical innovation that...

t a a Acute phase response t a a Acute phase response t a a Acute phase response

underperfusion xac - The vascular endothelium controls vasomotor tone and ter microvascular flow a...

b b o o l Insulin resistance Futile substrate cycling b b o o l Insulin resistance Futile substra...

l i i Muscle protein degradation l i i Muscle protein degradation l i i Muscle protein degradation

s s m m /H11001 /H11002 s s m m /H11001 /H11002 s s m m /H11001 /H11002

Systemic inflammation and tissue Systemic inflammation and tissue Systemic inflammation an...

Tissue oedema During systemic inflammation, fluid, plasma proteins, leukocytes, macrophages and ele...

Volume loss During simple haemorrhage, baroreceptors in the carotid artery and aortic arch and vo...

Neuroendocrine response to injury Patients also respond rapidly to injury by the classical neuroe...

RESPONSE It is important to recognise that, in general or population terms, the metabolic respons...

Starvation Figure 1.7 Factors that exacerbate the metabolic response to surgical injury include h...

MEDIATORS OF THE METABOLIC RESPONSE TO INJURY Tissue damage and inflammation Tissue injury is sens...

METABOLIC CHANGES AFTER SURGERY AND TRAUMA The catabolic phase begins at the time of injury and ...

Modern surgical care The role of surgical critical care, including resuscitation and/ or organ s...

Learning objectives To understand: How the body responds to accidental injury and surgery • Physi...

MANAGING THE CATABOLIC STRESS RESPONSE There are several key elements that determine the extent o...

MEDIATORS OF THE METABOLIC RESPONSE TO INJURY Tissue damage and inflammation Tissue injury is sens...