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POSTOPERATIVE CARE The postoperative care of patients after minimal access surgery - is general...

Oral feeding Provided that the patient has an appetite, a light meal can be taken 4–6 hours after...

Oral fluids There is no significant ileus after minimal access surgery , except in abdominal resect...

Learning objectives To understand: The principles of minimal access surgery • The advantages and ...

MINIMAL ACCESS APPROACHES Laparoscopy A rigid endoscope is introduced through a port into the per...

Mobility and convalescence Patients can get out of bed to go to the toilet as soon as they have ...

Operative problems Intraoperative perforation of a viscus or vascular injury Perforation of any ...

Hybrid minimal access surgery Hybrid surgery may utilise a combination of flexible and straight s...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

LIMITATIONS OF MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY Minimal access surgery has limitations. A number of these ...

GENERAL INTRAOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES Many minimal access procedures have a unique set of proce - du...

History of minimal access surgery The first experimental laparoscopic procedure was performed by K...

History of robotic surgery The first documented clinical robotic procedure was a computed tomograp...

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS Augmented reality and minimal access surgical adjuncts The future of minima...

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS Augmented reality and minimal access surgical adjuncts The future of minima...

Drains The use of postoperative drains depends on the operation performed. Drain output should in...

Endoluminal endoscopy and natural orifice surgery Flexible or rigid endoscopes are introduced into...

Endoscopic surgery Lack of three-dimensional vision To perform minimal access surgery with safety...

DISCHARGE FROM HOSPITAL The discharge of patients is based on clinical indicators and the patien...

Direct robotic systems and hybrid robotic surgery In addition to the remote master–slave platform...