Harrison's_Principles_of_İnternal_Medicine_22nd_edition_2

1 The Practice of Medicine The Editors The Practice of Medicine ENDURING VALUES OF THE MEDICAL PR...

2 Promoting Good Health translate the latter feeling into energy through which they can continue ...

3 Vaccine Opposition and Hesitancy Julie A. Bettinger, Hana Mitchell Vaccine Opposition and Hesit...

4 Decision-Making in Clinical Medicine ■ ■FURTHER READING American Academy of Pediatrics: Talking...

5 Precision Medicine and Clinical Care recommendations. Many recommendations simply reflect the e...

6 Screening and Prevention of Disease Gary J. Martin Screening and Prevention of Disease A primar...

7 The Safety and Quality of Health Care David W. Bates The Safety and Quality of Health Care PART...

8 The Value of the Physical Examination in Modern Medicine Abraham Verghese, Steven McGee The Val...

9 Physician Well-Being Lisa M. Bellini, Vivek H. Murthy Physician Well-Being PART 1 The Professio...

10 Diagnosis: Reducing Errors and Improving Quality Gordon Schiff Diagnosis: Reducing Errors and ...

11 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Lenny López, Joseph R. Betancourt Racial and Ethn...

12 Ethical Issues in Clinical Medicine Treatment and with more recent articles that have confirme...

13 Palliative and End-of-Life Care help to mitigate tensions. Before starting clinical research, ...

SECTION 1 Pain Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases PART 2 Section 1 Pain James ...

14 Pain: Pathophysiology and Management Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases PART...

15 Chest Discomfort David A. Morrow Chest Discomfort Chest discomfort is among the most common re...

16 Abdominal Pain positron emission tomography offers advantages of improved diag­ nostic perform...

17 Headache perforation of abdominal viscera. A diagnosis of anemia may be more helpful than the ...

18 Low Back Pain Steven P. Cohen, Eric J. Wang Low Back Pain EPIDEMIOLOGY Low back pain (LBP) is ...

19 Neck Pain Fan Jiang, Soichiro Takamiya, Michael G. Fehlings Neck Pain Neck pain is a highly pr...

SECTION 2 Alterations in Body Temperature PAIN ARISING IN THE SHOULDER REGION ■ ■THORACIC OUTLET ...

20 Fever PAIN ARISING IN THE SHOULDER REGION ■ ■THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROMES The thoracic outlet con...

21 Fever and Rash can aggravate the condition of patients with preexisting impairment of cardiac,...

22 Fever of Unknown Origin example, an eschar may suggest the diagnosis of scrub typhus or ricket...

SECTION 3 Nervous System Dysfunction ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTITUBERCULOUS THERAPY Antibiotic or antitu...

23 Syncope ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTITUBERCULOUS THERAPY Antibiotic or antituberculous therapy may irre...

24 Dizziness and Vertigo ■ ■FURTHER READING Brignole M et al: 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnos...

25 Fatigue therapy. Vestibular suppressant medications should not be used, as they will increase ...

27 Numbness, Tingling, and Sensory Loss weakness usually is due to lower motor neuron or peripher...

28 Gait Disorders, Imbalance, and Falls Jessica M. Baker, Gerald Pankratz Gait Disorders, Imbalan...

29 Confusion and Delirium pressure applied to a small nylon filament is used to assess sensation ...

30 Coma PROMOTE WAKEFULNESS AM Delirium Reduction Care Shades up. Lights on. Write date and staff...

31 Dementia and therefore, serial examinations and multimodal prognostication approaches are advi...

33 Sleep Disorders avoid making a diagnosis of “frontal lobe syndrome” in a patient with no evide...

34 Disorders of the Eye ■ ■FURTHER READING Aquino G et al: Towards the neurobiology of insomnia: ...

35 Disorders of Smell and Taste Exaggerated gaze-evoked nystagmus can be induced by drugs (seda­ ...

36 Disorders of Hearing disturbance. Patients should be warned not to overcompensate for their ta...

38 Oral Manifestations of Disease Noninfectious causes of laryngitis include vocal trauma (e.g., ...

39 Dyspnea malodor. Periodontal disease, caries, acute forms of gingivitis, poorly fitting dentur...

40 Cough Bruce D. Levy Cough Cough performs an essential protective function for human airways an...

41 Hemoptysis undergo chest CT. Diseases causing cough that may be missed on chest x-ray include ...

42 Hypoxia and Cyanosis ■ ■DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES Laboratory studies for initial evaluation should in...

43 Edema Cyanosis can be caused by small quantities of circulating methe­ moglobin (Hb Fe3+) and ...

45 Palpitations Joseph Loscalzo Palpitations Palpitations are extremely common among patients who...

46 Exercise Intolerance Joseph Loscalzo Palpitations Palpitations are extremely common among pati...

47 Dysphagia ■ ■FURTHER READING Bunsawat K et al: Exercise intolerance in heart failure with pres...

48 Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion tongue atrophy, in addition to evidence of generalized neuro...

49 Diarrhea and Constipation advocated and should be discontinued if no benefit is observed. H2 a...

50 Unintentional Weight Loss Defecography (a dynamic barium enema including lateral views obtaine...

51 Gastrointestinal Bleeding of UWL and is often more pronounced in men. More intense forms of me...

52 Jaundice and costs. Patients with high-risk endoscopic findings (e.g., varices, ulcers with ac...

53 Abdominal Swelling and Ascites Jaundice with associated liver dysfunction can be seen in sever...

55 Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities diagnosis of exclusion is based largely on history and phys...

56 Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances deliberate polydipsia, extracellular fluid volume is normal...

57 Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia Dwight A. Towler Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia Calcium is the ...

58 Acidosis and Alkalosis 25(OH)D levels, which reflect vitamin D stores. Urinary calcium levels ...

SECTION 8 Alterations in the Skin ■ ■REFERENCES Banerjee T et al: High dietary acid load predicts...

61 Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease ■ ■FURTHER READING Bolognia JL et al (eds): Dermatolog...

62 Immunologically Mediated Skin Diseases slow to heal, but when they do, irregularly shaped whit...

63 Cutaneous Drug Reactions PART 2 Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases FIGURE 62...

SECTION 9 Hematologic Alterations Section 9 Hematologic Alterations Dan L. Longo Interpreting Pe...

65 Interpreting Peripheral Blood Smears Section 9 Hematologic Alterations Dan L. Longo Interpret...

66 Anemia and Polycythemia One last feature of the red cells to assess before moving to the white...

67 Disorders of Granulocytes and Monocytes Steven M. Holland, John I. Gallin* Disorders of Granul...

69 Bleeding and Thrombosis It is suggested that if organ damage is HLH-triggered, lympholytic age...

70 Enlargement of Lymph Nodes and Spleen Measures of Platelet Function  The bleeding time was use...

71 Principles of Clinical Pharmacology Dan Roden Principles of Clinical Pharmacology Drugs are th...

72 Pharmacogenomics Levy RH, Isabelle Ragueneau-Majlessi I: Past, present, and future of drug-dru...

SECTION 1 Neoplastic Disorders Section 1 Neoplastic Disorders Dan L. Longo Approach to the Patie...

73 Approach to the Patient with Cancer Section 1 Neoplastic Disorders Dan L. Longo Approach to t...

74 Symptom Control in Patients with Cancer Charles L. Loprinzi, Thomas J. Smith Symptom Control i...

75 Prevention and Early Detection of Cancer Jennifer M. Croswell, Otis W. Brawley, Barnett S. Kra...

76 Cancer Genetics Manson JE et al: Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovasc...

77 Cancer Cell Biology obstacle. For example, when a tumor-suppressor gene is inactivated, some d...

78 Principles of Cancer Treatment proteins, and many are in clinical development for cancer thera...

79 Infections in Patients with Cancer ■ ■DIARRHEA Similar to the vomiting syndromes, chemotherapy...

80 Oncologic Emergencies reactivation is advised in the majority of patients with hematologic mal...

81 Cancer of the Skin Premedication with histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonists and glucocortic...

82 Head and Neck Cancer histologically by the presence of Paget cells. These tumors present as mo...

83 Neoplasms of the Lung However, immunotherapies have proven to be of value in this setting. In ...

84 Breast Cancer TABLE 83-14  Staging Thymic Tumors MASAOKA STAGE DEFINITION I Grossly and micros...

85 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers Many chemotherapeutic agents are active in metastatic bre...

86 Colorectal Cancer ■ ■FURTHER READING Ben-Aharon I et al: Early-onset cancer in the gastrointes...

87 Tumors of the Liver and Biliary Tree Rarely, RET fusions and TRK fusions can be seen in patien...

88 Pancreatic Cancer Eileen M. O’Reilly, Andrew M. Lowy, Daniel D. Von Hoff Pancreatic Cancer Pan...

89 Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors TABLE 88-4  Combination Chemotherapy Regimens That Have...

90 Renal Cell Carcinoma Dasari A et al: Trends in the incidence, prevalence, and survival out­ co...

91 Cancer of the Bladder and Urinary Tract TABLE 90-3  Commonly Used Systemic Regimens for Metast...

92 Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Prostate Siegel RL et al: Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Can...

93 Testicular Cancer following patients as they are treated with various forms of therapy. Asympt...

94 Gynecologic Malignancies Patients in first relapse may be treated with either conventionaldose...

95 Primary and Metastatic Tumors of the Nervous System Mary Jane Lim-Fat, Patrick Y. Wen Primary ...

96 Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas and Bone Metastases Lamba N et al: Epidemiology of brain metasta...

97 Carcinoma of Unknown Primary osteoporosis, the cortical bone may be preserved, whereas cortica...

98 Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Endocrinologic/Hematologic ■ ■FURTHER READING Gatalica Z et al: Comp...

99 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis Josep Dalmau, Francesc Graus P...

SECTION 2 Hematopoietic Disorders traditionally been performed by oncologists, but the magnitude ...

101 Hematopoietic Stem Cells traditionally been performed by oncologists, but the magnitude of th...

103 Disorders of Hemoglobin ■ ■TREATMENT Treatment of the underlying disorder controls anemia of ...

104 Megaloblastic Anemias Unexpected low O2 saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) with nor­ mal O2 ...

105 Hemolytic Anemias Lucio Luzzatto, Lucia De Franceschi Hemolytic Anemias ■ ■DEFINITIONS Turnov...

106 Anemia Due to Acute Blood Loss Loirat C et al: An international consensus approach to the man...

108 Polycythemia Vera and Other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtu...

109 Acute Myeloid Leukemia were more effective than anagrelide and aspirin for prevention of TIA ...

110 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia alone frequently died from DIC induced by the release of gran­ ule c...

111 Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Dieter Hoelzer Acute Lymphoid Leukemia In acute lymphoblastic leukemi...

112 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia least eight or more cycles. This leads to a significant increase...

113 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Caron A. Jacobson, Dan L. Longo Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s l...

114 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma FIGURE 113-7  Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Peripheral blood smear showi...

115 Less Common Lymphoid and Myeloid Malignancies SURVIVORSHIP Because of the very high cure rate...

116 Plasma Cell Disorders Nikhil C. Munshi, Dan L. Longo, Kenneth C. Anderson Plasma Cell Disorde...

117 Amyloidosis the assembly of light and heavy chains because they appear to contain both in the...

118 Transfusion Therapy and Biology Pierre Tiberghien, Olivier Garraud, Jacques Chiaroni Transfus...

119 Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Frederick R. Appelbaum Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ...

SECTION 3 Disorders of Hemostasis Section 3 Disorders of Hemostasis Barbara A. Konkle Disorders ...

120 Disorders of Platelets and Vessel Wall Section 3 Disorders of Hemostasis Barbara A. Konkle D...

121 Coagulation Disorders Gomez K: Advances in the diagnosis of heritable platelet disorders. Blo...

122 Arterial and Venous Thrombosis Jane E. Freedman, Joseph Loscalzo Arterial and Venous Thrombos...

123 Antiplatelet, Anticoagulant, and Fibrinolytic Drugs risk remains low (1 in 6000). The relativ...

SECTION 1 Basic Considerations in Infectious Diseases Section 1 Basic Considerations in Infectio...

124 Approach to the Patient with an Infectious Disease Section 1 Basic Considerations in Infecti...

125 Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis TABLE 124-5  Initial Empirical Antibiotic Ther...

126 Microbial Genomics and Infectious Disease whereupon they can infect other V. cholerae. Conseq...

127 Approach to the Acutely Ill Infected Febrile Patient Gardy JL, Loman NJ: Towards a genomics-i...

128 Principles of Immunization diffuse ground-glass opacities. Consolidation, predominantly in th...

129 Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use versus nonvaccinees; (3) Are there rare causally rela...

130 Health Recommendations for International Travel those who do not. Strong provider recommendat...

SECTION 2 Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections Section 2 Clinical Syndromes: Commun...

131 Pneumonia Section 2 Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections Lionel A. Mandell, Mic...

SECTION 15 Infections Due to RNA Viruses virus; (2) the fact that the infection can be transmitte...

209 Viral Gastroenteritis virus; (2) the fact that the infection can be transmitted by cell-free ...

210 Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Reovirus Infections RV Vaccine Introduction Current Vaccine In...

211 Measles (Rubeola) TABLE 210-3  Recommendations for Poliovirus Vaccination of Adults Most adu...

212 Rubella (German Measles) Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the substantial contributions...

213 Mumps have been established in the WHO American, European, Southeast Asian, African, and West...

214 Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections Mcclean HQ et al: Prevention of measles, rubella, con...

215 Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Virus Infections infiltration of the wound(s). With multiple...

216 The Filovirids: Orthoebolavirus and Orthomarburgvirus Infections public health impact while r...

SECTION 16 Fungal Infections covers and a face shield and/or goggles. If available, N-95 or N-100...

132 Lung Abscess community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 44:S27, 2007. Martin-Loe...

217 Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Fungal Infections covers and a face shield and/or g...

218 Histoplasmosis to fluconazole or itraconazole. Posaconazole has been reported to be effective...

219 Coccidioidomycosis for PDH. Stable or rising antigen levels suggest treatment failure or rela...

220 Blastomycosis profoundly hypoxemic and critically ill, many clinicians favor beginning therap...

221 Cryptococcosis TABLE 220-1  Treatment of Blastomycosis SEVERITY OF INFECTION SITE OF INFECTIO...

222 Candidiasis The goal of maintenance is to prevent recurrent disease, and its duration depends...

223 Aspergillosis David W. Denning Aspergillosis Aspergillosis is the collective term used to des...

224 Mucormycosis TABLE 223-3  Treatment of Aspergillosisa INDICATION PRIMARY TREATMENT PRECAUTION...

225 Superficial Fungal Infections therapy with deferasirox (plus LAmB) documented excess mortalit...

226 Uncommon Disseminated Fungal Infections tolerated because of adverse reactions, including met...

133 Infective Endocarditis study suggested that moxifloxacin (400 mg/d PO) is as effective and we...

227 Pneumocystis Infections Treatment and Prognosis  Scedosporium and Lomentospora species are in...

SECTION 17 Protozoal and Helminthic Infections: General Considerations appear to be particularly ...

228 Introduction to Parasitic Infections appear to be particularly susceptible to PCP. The glucoc...

229 Agents Used to Treat Parasitic Infections TABLE 228-1  Parasitic Infections, by Organ System ...

SECTION 18 Protozoal Infections serum levels of theophylline should be monitored closely in this ...

230 Amebiasis and Infection with Free-Living Amebae serum levels of theophylline should be monito...

231 Malaria sulfadiazine, and macrolides. The CDC recommends that miltefosine now be included, as...

232 Babesiosis departure so that any untoward reactions can be detected before travel and therape...

233 Leishmaniasis GLOBAL CONSIDERATIONS In Europe, B. divergens infection is considered a medical...

234 Chagas Disease and African Trypanosomiasis PART 5 Infectious Diseases FIGURE 233-6  Mucosal l...

134 Infections of the Skin, Muscles, and Soft Tissues Dennis L. Stevens, Amy E. Bryant Infections...

235 Toxoplasma Infections Kami Kim Toxoplasma Infections ■ ■DEFINITION Toxoplasmosis is caused by...

236 Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis Peter F. Weller, Edward T. Ryan Protozoal ...

SECTION 19 Helminthic Infections ■ ■FURTHER READING Bourli P et al: Waterborne transmission of pr...

237 Introduction to Helminthic Infections ■ ■FURTHER READING Bourli P et al: Waterborne transmiss...

238 Trichinellosis and Other Tissue Nematode Infections have a nervous system; a muscular system,...

239 Intestinal Nematode Infections fish or poultry. Raw fish dishes, such as som fak in Thailand ...

240 Filarial and Related Infections with nonspecific abdominal pain and watery diarrhea. If untre...

241 Schistosomiasis and Other Trematode Infections parasites never develop fully. Pulmonary dirof...

242 Cestode Infections in the pleural spaces or lungs within another 4–16 weeks and release unemb...

135 Infectious Arthritis ■ ■FURTHER READING Aronoff DM, Marrazzo JM: Infections caused by Clostri...

136 Osteomyelitis Borzio R et al: Predictors of septic arthritis in the adult population. Orthope...

137 Intraabdominal Infections and Abscesses performed, empirical therapy chosen in light of the m...

138 Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning of enteric organisms includi...

139 Clostridioides difficile Infection, Including Pseudomembranous Colitis viral enteric pathogen...

140 Urinary Tract Infections: Cystitis, Prostatitis, and Pyelonephritis colectomy should be perfo...

141 Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overview and Clinical Approach placebo-controlled, randomize...

142 Encephalitis up to one-fourth infected. Persons who transmit infection or who have recently b...

143 Acute Meningitis Europe in children from countries where routine childhood immu­ nizations ar...

144 Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis Avindra Nath, Walter J. Koroshetz, Michael R. Wilson Chronic...

145 Brain Abscess and Empyema tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose may be useful in identifying a s...

146 Infectious Complications of Bites frontal, parietal, and occipital superior cerebral veins an...

SECTION 3 Clinical Syndromes: Health Care–Associated Infections immunocompromise, including that ...

147 Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities immunocompromise, including that due to diabete...

148 Infections in Transplant Recipients Miles-Jay A et al: Longitudinal genomic surveillance of c...

SECTION 4 Therapy for Bacterial Diseases construction sites or to wear protective gear if this is...

149 Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections construction sites or to wear protective ge...

150 Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents David C. Hooper Bacterial Resistance to Antimicr...

SECTION 5 Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria French GL: Antimicrobial resistance and healt...

151 Pneumococcal Infections French GL: Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infec­ ...

152 Staphylococcal Infections 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PREVNAR 20 (Pfizer). Both...

153 Streptococcal Infections Strategies to prevent recurrent S. aureus infections in the communit...

154 Enterococcal Infections ■ ■FURTHER READING Bruckner L, Gigliotti F: Viridans group streptococ...

155 Diphtheria and Other Corynebacterial Infections The mechanism involves the replacement of the...

156 Listeria monocytogenes Infections Karen P. Neil, Jennifer P. Collins, Patricia M. Griffin Lis...

157 Tetanus Gottlieb SL et al: Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to turkey deli meat and ...

158 Botulism Thwaites CL et al: Magnesium sulfate for treatment of severe tetanus: A randomised c...

159 Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridial Infections 1315 botulism cases were reported from 25 count...

SECTION 6 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria Bodey GP et al: Clostridial bacteremia in can...

160 Meningococcal Infections Bodey GP et al: Clostridial bacteremia in cancer patients. A 12-year...

161 Gonococcal Infections of the remainder over the next 6 weeks. In outbreaks of meningococcal d...

162 Haemophilus and Moraxella Infections Gonococcal meningitis and endocarditis should be treated...

164 Legionella Infections have been reported. Shewanella species also cause chronic ulcers of the...

165 Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections of the organization’s water system, identification ...

166 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Enteric Bacilli ■ ■FURTHER READING Craig R et al: Asymptomat...

167 Acinetobacter Infections EDWARDSIELLA INFECTIONS E. tarda is the only member of the genus Edw...

168 Helicobacter pylori Infections ■ ■INFECTION CONTROL AND PREVENTION Acinetobacter species are ...

169 Infections Due to Campylobacter and Related Organisms rates of primary antibiotic resistance ...

170 Infections Due to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas Species Kartikeya Cherabudd...

171 Salmonellosis macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin. B. mallei infection should be treat...

172 Shigellosis Philippe J. Sansonetti, Jean Bergounioux Shigellosis The discovery of Shigella as...

173 Cholera and Other Vibrioses Treatment for shigellosis must be adapted to the clinical context...

174 Brucellosis develop hypotension, which is often apparent at admission. Cutaneous manifestatio...

175 Tularemia fluoroquinolone to reduce the need for valve replacement. Treat­ ment is usually gi...

176 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections type A variety. For the type B F. tularensis variety, th...

177 Bartonella Infections, Including Cat-Scratch Disease duration of therapy. On the basis of ret...

178 Donovanosis B. henselae) and avoidance and treatment of body louse infestation (for preventio...

SECTION 7 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections TABLE 178-1  Effective Antibiotics for the Treatment...

179 Nocardiosis TABLE 178-1  Effective Antibiotics for the Treatment of Donovanosis ANTIBIOTIC OR...

180 Actinomycosis Thomas A. Russo, John C. Hu Actinomycosis Actinomycosis is uncommon, and most p...

181 Whipple Disease ■ ■FURTHER READING Barberis C et al: Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical...

182 Infections Due to Mixed Anaerobic Organisms Neeraj K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper Infections Due...

SECTION 8 Mycobacterial Diseases major or sole pathogen infecting a joint, the duration of treatm...

183 Tuberculosis major or sole pathogen infecting a joint, the duration of treatment should be si...

184 Leprosy Jan H. Richardus, Hemanta K. Kar, Zoica Bakirtzief, Wim H. van Brakel Leprosy Leprosy...

185 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections randomized controlled trial has shown that single-dos...

186 Antimycobacterial Agents and ethambutol has been successful. Therapy is prolonged, gen­ erall...

SECTION 9 Spirochetal Diseases Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension (ALIS)  ALIS is a new form...

187 Syphilis Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension (ALIS)  ALIS is a new formulation of the ami...

188 Endemic Treponematoses Rates of decline of serologic titers appear to be slower, and serologi...

189 Leptospirosis A B FIGURE 188-3  Clinical manifestations of bejel and pinta. A. Mucous patches...

190 Relapsing Fever TABLE 189-1  Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Leptospirosis in Adultsa INDIC...

191 Lyme Borreliosis There are shortcomings of single-dose therapies for LBRF. With penicillin al...

SECTION 10 Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae, Mycoplasmas, and Chlamydiae ■ ■FURTHER READING Arvikar...

192 Rickettsial Diseases ■ ■FURTHER READING Arvikar SL, Steere AC: Diagnosis and treatment of Lym...

193 Infections Due to Mycoplasmas rifampin. Although antimicrobial susceptibility testing is not ...

194 Chlamydial Infections urogenital tract. The vagina yields the largest number of organisms; ne...

SECTION 11 Viral Diseases: General Considerations as they are not specific for C. pneumoniae but ...

195 Principles of Medical Virology as they are not specific for C. pneumoniae but identify the ch...

196 Antiviral Chemotherapy, Excluding Antiretroviral Drugs following the real infection pathway. ...

SECTION 12 Infections Due to DNA Viruses (CAPSTONE-2): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 ...

197 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections (CAPSTONE-2): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial...

198 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections effective in the developing world, their clinical and virol...

199 Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Including Infectious Mononucleosis TABLE 198-1  Recommendation...

200 Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus Types 6, 7, and 8 TREATMENT EBV-Associated Disease Ther...

201 Monkeypox, Molluscum Contagiosum, and Other Poxvirus Infections Primary HHV-8 infection in im...

202 Parvovirus Infections (e.g., research laboratorians) to orthopoxviruses via either ACAM2000 o...

203 Human Papillomavirus Infections HUMAN BOCAPARVOVIRUSES ■ ■DEFINITION Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1...

SECTION 13 Infections Due to DNA and RNA Respiratory Viruses TABLE 203-1  Recommended Treatments ...

204 Common Viral Respiratory Infections, Other Than COVID-19 TABLE 203-1  Recommended Treatments ...

205 SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 such as temperature and ventilation. Viruses transmitted by this rout...

206 Influenza Kathleen M. Neuzil Influenza ■ ■DEFINITION The term influenza represents both a cli...

207 The Human Retroviruses treatment, Native Americans (including Alaska Natives), morbidly obese...

208 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease: AIDS and Related Disorders effects (as a chain-terminat...

SECTION 1 Introduction to Cardiovascular Disorders Disorders of the Cardiovascular System PART 6 ...

244 Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System By contrast, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardi...

245 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease A are metabolized distinctly in cardiac muscle. Glucos...

SECTION 2 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disorders who stand to benefit the most from specific, low-...

246 Physical Examination of the Cardiovascular System who stand to benefit the most from specific...

247 Electrocardiography Fang LC et al: History, physical examination, and the virtual visit. An e...

SECTION 3 Disorders of Rhythm PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System FIGURE 249-8  Fractio...

250 Principles of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular Syste...

251 The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Sinoatrial Node ablative energy sources have been expl...

253 Approach to Supraventricular Arrhythmias ■ ■FURTHER READING Jalife J, Stevenson W (eds): Zipe...

254 Physiologic and Nonphysiologic Sinus Rhythm The most common SVT is sinus tachycardia in respo...

255 Focal Atrial Tachycardia and should be a part of a treatment strategy to reduce symptoms. Whi...

256 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias I aVR I II II PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular...

258 Atrial Fibrillation ■ ■FURTHER READING Brugada J et al: 2019 ESC Guidelines for the managemen...

259 Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias TABLE 258-3  Recommendations for Catheter Ablation in Pat...

261 Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia aVR I aVL II aVF III V1 FIGURE 260-4  Accelerated idioventr...

263 Electrical Storm and Incessant Ventricular Tachycardia ■ ■FURTHER READING Callans DJ: Josephs...

264 Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis N V V N V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V ...

265 Heart Failure: Management ■ ■FURTHER READING Aimo A et al: Cardiac remodeling - Part 2: Clini...

266 Classification of Cardiomyopathy as useful in Europe, although the usefulness is disputable. ...

267 Genetic Cardiomyopathies TABLE 266-2  Initial Evaluation of Cardiomyopathy Clinical Evaluatio...

268 Acute and Chronic Myocarditis Neal K. Lakdawala, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Joseph Loscalzo Acut...

269 Dilated Cardiomyopathies unexplained. Without curative therapy, the initial inflammatory necr...

270 Amyloidosis and Other Restrictive Cardiomyopathies ■ ■FURTHER READING Arany Z: Peripartum car...

272 Aortic Stenosis ■ ■NOVEL DEVICES Newer pumps are in development that are designed to overcome...

273 Aortic Regurgitation Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo Aortic Regurgitation ■ ■ETIOLOGY (Tab...

274 Mitral Stenosis Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo Mitral Stenosis PART 6 Disorders of the Ca...

275 Mitral Regurgitation are lower in young patients and may be twice as high in patients 65 yea...

276 Mitral Valve Prolapse edge-to-edge repair (TEER) versus surgical repair are ongo­ ing to dete...

277 Tricuspid Valve Disease of right and left heart catheterization is rarely necessary but can a...

278 Pulmonic Valve Disease Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo Pulmonic Valve Disease PULMONIC STE...

279 Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Disease Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo Multiple and Mix...

280 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult There is a paucity of evidence to inform practice guide...

281 Pericardial Disease ■ ■UNREPAIRED CYANOTIC CHD Eisenmenger Syndrome  ES is felt to be the con...

282 Atrial Myxoma and Other Cardiac Tumors a normal or slightly enlarged heart. Pericardial calci...

283 Cardiac Trauma scattered reports of palliation with radiotherapy and/or chemother­ apy, the r...

SECTION 5 Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System ...

284 Ischemic Heart Disease PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System Ischemic Heart Disease R...

286 ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Simultaneous with these important advances in the ...

288 Hypertension ■ ■FURTHER READING Bhatt DL: Cardiovascular Intervention: A Companion to Braunwa...

289 Renovascular Disease Whelton P et al: 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA ...

290 Deep-Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism Antihypertensive therapy is the mainstay...

291 Diseases of the Aorta Bejjani A et al: When direct oral anticoagulants should not be stan­ da...

292 Arterial Diseases of the Extremities Hensley SE, Upchurch GR Jr: Repair of abdominal aortic a...

293 Chronic Venous Disease and Lymphedema ■ ■ERYTHROMELALGIA This disorder is characterized by bu...

294 Pulmonary Hypertension lymphedema. Other surgical interventions, including lymph node transfe...

SECTION 1 Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders Section 1 Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders Bruce ...

296 Disturbances of Respiratory Function lung volumes, and a low DLCO should prompt further evalu...

297 Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Disease In the second approach, FRC is determined by mea...

SECTION 2 Diseases of the Respiratory System review and meta-analysis to help differentiate asthm...

298 Asthma review and meta-analysis to help differentiate asthma/chronic obstruc­ tive pulmonary ...

300 Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease over a 4-month course reduce the antigenic stimul...

301 Bronchiectasis Rebecca M. Baron, Beverly W. Baron, Miriam Baron Barshak Bronchiectasis Bronch...

302 Cystic Fibrosis Eric J. Sorscher Cystic Fibrosis ■ ■CLINICAL FEATURES Cystic fibrosis (CF) is...

303 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Grasemann H, Ratjen F: Cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 38...

304 Interstitial Lung Disease gases. However, this schema may have more utility in the emer­ genc...

305 Disorders of the Pleura ■ ■FURTHER READING American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Soc...

306 Disorders of the Mediastinum patients. Nearly all patients with secondary pneumothorax should...

307 Disorders of Ventilation can delineate the extent of fibrosis. Tissue biopsy may be necessary...

308 Sleep Apnea ■ ■DIAGNOSIS Respiratory symptoms associated with acute hyperventilation can be t...

309 Lung Transplantation Hilary J. Goldberg, Hari R. Mallidi Lung Transplantation ■ ■END-STAGE LU...

310 Interventional Pulmonary Medicine during the first year after transplant. However, as infecti...

SECTION 1 Respiratory Critical Care Section 1 Respiratory Critical Care Rebecca M. Baron, Anthon...

311 Approach to the Patient with Critical Illness Section 1 Respiratory Critical Care Rebecca M....

312 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome hypoxemia, neuromuscular paralysis, and severe hypotensio...

313 Mechanical Ventilatory Support patients who survive regain nearly normal lung function. Patie...

SECTION 2 Shock and Cardiac Arrest TABLE 313-4  Main Types and Key Features of Extracorporeal Gas...

314 Approach to the Patient with Shock TABLE 313-4  Main Types and Key Features of Extracorporeal...

315 Sepsis and Septic Shock Gitz Holler et al: Etiology of shock in the emergency department: A 1...

316 Cardiogenic Shock and Pulmonary Edema for guiding interventions or improving outcomes in seps...

317 Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death For pulmonary edema resulti...

SECTION 3 Neurologic Critical Care function and HF are at substantially elevated SCD risk, only ~...

318 Nervous System Disorders in Critical Care function and HF are at substantially elevated SCD r...

320 Cell Biology and Physiology of the Kidney palpable mass best felt with the patient supine, us...

321 Acute Kidney Injury ■ ■SODIUM BALANCE The perception of extracellular blood volume is determi...

322 Chronic Kidney Disease can be performed by convective clearance (continuous venovenous hemofi...

323 Dialysis in the Treatment of Kidney Failure Kathleen D. Liu, Glenn M. Chertow Dialysis in the...

324 Interventional Nephrology country by region, and it is influenced by economic and other major...

325 Kidney Transplantation Jamil R. Azzi, Naoka Murakami, Anil K. Chandraker Kidney Transplantati...

326 Glomerular Diseases population at large, and this is particularly true of diabetic patients. ...

328 Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney Laurence H. Beck, Jr., David J. Salant Tubulointers...

329 Thrombotic Renovascular Disorders Adulterants in unregulated herbal and traditional medicamen...

330 Nephrolithiasis COVID-19 AND MICROVASCULAR DISEASE The COVID-19 pandemic, cause by SARS-CoV-2...

331 Urinary Tract Obstruction Calcium Phosphate  Calcium phosphate stones share risk factors with...

SECTION 1 Disorders of the Alimentary Tract Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System PART 10 Sect...

333 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy for nausea in first-trimester pregnancy. Peppermint oil and carawa...

334 Diseases of the Esophagus FIGURE 333-65  Virtual colonoscopy image of a colon polyp (arrow). ...

335 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders the need for diagnostic testing in most patients. ...

336 Disorders of Absorption and weight loss are signs and symptoms in patients with MD. Occult GI...

337 Inflammatory Bowel Disease performed specifically to diagnose infection (e.g., Whipple’s dise...

338 Irritable Bowel Syndrome D’haens G et al: Risankizumab as induction therapy for Crohn’s dis­ ...

339 Diverticular Disease and Common Anorectal Disorders patients, increased fiber intake and the ...

340 Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency maintains the tract patency and reduces the likelihood of r...

341 Acute Intestinal Obstruction should undergo a second-look laparotomy in a 24- to 48-h period....

342 Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis Danny O. Jacobs Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis ACUTE A...

SECTION 2 Nutrition Flum DR: Acute appendicitis—appendectomy of the “antibiotics first” strategy....

343 Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment Flum DR: Acute appendicitis—appendectomy of the ...

344 Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess Paolo M. Suter Vitamin and Trace Mineral Defi...

345 Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment copper plays a role in iron metabolism, melanin synth...

346 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition TABLE 345-2  Common Body Composition Studies, Laboratories, ...

SECTION 3 Liver and Biliary Tract Disease Jensen GL et al: GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of mal...

347 Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease Jensen GL et al: GLIM criteria for the diagnosis o...

348 Evaluation of Liver Function TABLE 347-6  Child-Pugh Classification of Cirrhosis POINTS TOWAR...

349 The Hyperbilirubinemias TABLE 348-1  Liver Test Patterns in Hepatobiliary Disorders TYPE OF D...

350 Acute Viral Hepatitis Esperance A. K. Schaefer, Raymond T. Chung, Jules L. Dienstag Acute Vir...

351 Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis Lemon SM et al: Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update...

352 Chronic Hepatitis Esperance A. K. Schaefer, Raymond T. Chung, Jules L. Dienstag Chronic Hepat...

353 Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease virus infection: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 non-inf...

355 Cirrhosis and Its Complications Cusi K et al: American Association of Clinical Endocrinology ...

356 Liver Transplantation ■ ■FURTHER READING Bhattacharya D et al: Hepatitis C guidance update 20...

357 Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts Norton J. Greenberger*, Gustav Paumgartner*, Danie...

SECTION 4 Disorders of the Pancreas Section 4 Disorders of the Pancreas Somashekar G. Krishna, D...

358 Approach to the Patient with Pancreatic Disease Section 4 Disorders of the Pancreas Somashek...

359 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis clinically suspected, EUS imaging is more sensitive than MDCT ...

360 Introduction to the Immune System Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Rheumatologic Disorders ...

364 Anaphylaxis PART 11 Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Rheumatologic Disorders Anaphylaxis Da...

365 Desensitization ■ ■PREVENTION Avoidance  The simplest and most straightforward approach to th...

366 Mastocytosis less for BRCA mutation carriers), and sensitized patients typically have type I ...

368 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus thyroiditis. Cancers commonly associated with autoimmunity inclu...

369 Antiphospholipid Syndrome Barber MRW et al: Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythema­ t...

370 Rheumatoid Arthritis myeloproliferative disorders, hypercholesterolemia, or other causes of t...

371 Acute Rheumatic Fever Fraenkel L et al: 2021 American College of Rheumatology guide­ line fo...

373 Sjögren’s Disease dermatomyositis (heliotrope rash on the eyelids, erythematous rash on knuck...

374 Spondyloarthritis Dry eyes and/or dry mouth1 And/or Major salivary gland enlargement, fatigue...

375 The Vasculitis Syndromes Carol A. Langford, Anthony S. Fauci The Vasculitis Syndromes DEFINIT...

376 Behçet Syndrome Yusuf Yazici Behçet Syndrome PART 11 Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Rheum...

377 Inflammatory Myopathies 20–21-gauge needle prick. It is rather unique for Behçet syndrome and...

378 Relapsing Polychondritis of mycophenolate compared to other immunosuppressive agents is the l...

379 Sarcoidosis RP to define the extent of disease involvement. Direct laryngoscopy can be useful...

380 IgG4-Related Disease potentially has higher rates of infectious complications. Other medicati...

383 Osteoarthritis David T. Felson, Tuhina Neogi Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most c...

385 Fibromyalgia Leslie J. Crofford Fibromyalgia ■ ■DEFINITION Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized...

SECTION 1 Endocrinology Section 1 Endocrinology J. Larry Jameson Approach to the Patient with En...

388 Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disorders Section 1 Endocrinology J. Larry Jameson Ap...

389 Mechanisms of Hormone Action ultrasound, and thyroid scan are also used for the diagnosis of ...

390 Physiology of Anterior Pituitary Hormones Positive feedback control also occurs but is not we...

391 Hypopituitarism Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson Hypopituitarism Deficient production of anter...

392 Pituitary Tumor Syndromes is associated with decreased libido and potency, infertility, decre...

393 Disorders of the Neurohypophysis Diagnosis is based on demonstrating elevated serum free T4 l...

394 Thyroid Gland Physiology and Testing as pseudohyponatremia (due to raised lipids or protein) ...

395 Hypothyroidism hormone (“cold” nodules, see Chap. 397, Fig 397-3A), and these are more likely...

396 Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis be approximated by decreasing the upper li...

397 Thyroid Nodular Disease and Thyroid Cancer suppression of the thyroid (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)...

398 Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex on a negative result. Assuming a 25–30% ROM for nodules with ...

399 Pheochromocytoma Fleseriu M et al: Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease...

400 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes TABLE 399-3  Patterns of Occurrence in Inherited Pheoc...

401 Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes Peter A. Gottlieb, Aaron W. Michels Autoimmune Polyendocri...

SECTION 2 Sex- and Gender-Based Medicine Section 2 Sex- and Gender-Based Medicine Courtney Finla...

402 Sex Development Section 2 Sex- and Gender-Based Medicine Courtney Finlayson, J. Larry Jameso...

403 Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive System increased risk for germ cell cancer, req...

404 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System detecting AAS use. Illicit testosterone use is de...

405 Menstrual Disorders and Pelvic Pain Approximately 50% of girls with congenital hypogonadotrop...

406 Hirsutism as appropriate. Neuromuscular and psychosomatic etiologies should also be considere...

407 Menopause and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy JoAnn E. Manson, Shari S. Bassuk Menopause and P...

408 Infertility and Contraception family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative or o...

409 Sexual Dysfunction Kevin T. McVary Sexual Dysfunction Male sexual dysfunction affects up to 3...

410 Women’s Health treatments due to health concerns or are unable to use them due to a history o...

411 Men’s Health ■ ■SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND TOBACCO (See also Chaps. 464 and 465) Substance abuse is ...

SECTION 3 Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome Fenway Health: Glossary of LGBT term...

413 Pathobiology of Obesity Fenway Health: Glossary of LGBT terms for health care teams. February...

414 Evaluation and Management of Obesity FATTY LIVER DISEASE  Obesity is strongly associated with...

416 Diabetes Mellitus: Management and Therapies Diabetes Mellitus: Management and Therapies Alvin...

417 Diabetes Mellitus: Complications comorbidities and risk factors (e.g., hypertension, CVD), ne...

418 Hypoglycemia Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infec­ tions are a...

419 Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism Acknowledgment The author acknowledges contributions of t...

420 The Metabolic Syndrome of choice in children and in women who are pregnant, lactating, or act...

SECTION 4 Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism Section 4 Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metab...

421 Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Health and Disease Section 4 Disorders of Bone and Mineral Me...

422 Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland and Calcium Homeostasis relatively inaccessible, since ost...

423 Osteoporosis supplementation is sometimes needed for weeks to a month or two until bone defec...

424 Paget’s Disease and Other Dysplasias of Bone Osteoporosis and related fractures are serious s...

SECTION 5 Disorders of Intermediary Metabolism by short bulbous roots, pulp calcification, and ra...

425 Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue by short bulbous roots, pulp calcification, and radi...

426 Hemochromatosis TREATMENT Marfan and Loeys-Dietz Syndromes Patients should be advised that va...

427 Wilson’s Disease ■ ■ROLE OF HFE MUTATIONS IN OTHER LIVER DISEASES There is considerable inter...

428 The Porphyrias TREATMENT Wilson’s Disease COPPER CHELATION The era of successful treatment of...

429 Lysosomal Storage Diseases stimulates tanning, is administered subcutaneously every 2 months ...

431 Inherited Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Adults ethnic populations, but clinical sympt...

432 Inherited Defects of Membrane Transport Nicola Longo Inherited Defects of Membrane Transport ...

SECTION 1 Diagnosis of Neurologic Disorders Section 1 Diagnosis of Neurologic Disorders Daniel H...

433 Approach to the Patient with Neurologic Disease Section 1 Diagnosis of Neurologic Disorders ...

434 Neuroimaging in Neurologic Disorders tertiary care settings, multiple strokes are usually due...

435 Pathobiology of Neurologic Diseases used successfully in this setting, as has iodinated contr...

SECTION 2 Diseases of the Central Nervous System a second patient, the genome of the RPE cell lin...

436 Seizures and Epilepsy a second patient, the genome of the RPE cell line was sequenced, and a ...

437 Introduction to Cerebrovascular Diseases SPECIAL ISSUES RELATED TO EPILEPSY IN THE ELDERLY Ep...

438 Ischemic Stroke some centers combine both CTA and CT perfusion imaging together with the nonc...

439 Intracerebral Hemorrhage or symptomatic stenosis. The 30-day risk of stroke was 4.1% in the s...

440 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage occur in ~30% of cases. One-half of AVMs become evident as ICHs. In m...

441 Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders Peter J. Goadsby Migraine and Other Primary Hea...

442 Alzheimer’s Disease tricyclics, such as amitriptyline, or anticonvulsants, such as topira­ ma...

443 Frontotemporal Dementia one study), migraine, or cardiac arrhythmias have all been implicated...

444 Vascular Dementia Steven M. Greenberg, William W. Seeley Vascular Dementia The term vascular ...

445 Dementia with Lewy Bodies considered independently. Interactions between cerebrovascular and ...

446 Parkinson’s Disease triplications that manifest clinically as PD or DLB. There are multiple g...

447 Tremor, Chorea, and Other Movement Disorders Parkinson’s disease Nonpharmacologic interventio...

448 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases neurodegeneration unrelated to ...

449 Prion Diseases ■ ■SELECTED DISORDERS OF THE UPPER MOTOR NEURON Primary Lateral Sclerosis  Thi...

450 Ataxic Disorders The best method to treat human prion diseases may be by reducing PrP, the su...

451 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System ■ ■FURTHER READING Anheim M et al: The autosomal re...

452 Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell’s Palsy, and Other Cranial Nerve Disorders Fedorowski A, Sutton R:...

453 Diseases of the Spinal Cord In infectious cases, prompt administration of broad-spectrum anti...

454 Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries sphincter musculature. Detrusor spasticity is t...

455 Multiple Sclerosis A variety of neurodegenerative pathologies are commonly found in the prese...

456 Neuromyelitis Optica Bruce A. C. Cree, Stephen L. Hauser Neuromyelitis Optica Neuromyelitis o...

SECTION 3 Nerve and Muscle Disorders another chronic inflammatory disorder such as vasculitis, sa...

457 Peripheral Neuropathy another chronic inflammatory disorder such as vasculitis, sarcoidosis, ...

458 Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Other Immune-Mediated Neuropathies Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Ot...

459 Myasthenia Gravis and Other Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction Nevertheless, clinically s...

460 Muscular Dystrophies and Other Muscle Diseases Narayanaswami P et al: International consensus...

SECTION 4 Syndromes Associated with Chronic Fatigue Section 4 Syndromes Associated with Chronic ...

461 Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Section 4 Syndromes Associated with Chro...

SECTION 5 Psychiatric and Addiction Disorders Counseling may help patients and their families cop...

462 Biology of Psychiatric Disorders Counseling may help patients and their families cope with th...

463 Psychiatric Disorders Victor I. Reus Psychiatric Disorders Psychiatric disorders are common i...

464 Alcohol and Alcohol Use Disorders Marc A. Schuckit Alcohol and Alcohol Use Disorders Most pat...

465 Nicotine Addiction as a once-per-month 380-mg injection. By blocking opioid recep­ tors, nalt...

466 Cannabis and Cannabis Use Disorder Hajek P et al: A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus n...

467 Opioid-Related Disorders cognitive behavioral techniques have also shown clinically significa...

468 Cocaine, Other Psychostimulants, and Hallucinogens community of fellow drug users. These medi...

469 Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning, Drug Overdose, and Envenomation PART 14 Howard Hu Heavy Meta...

470 Poisoning and Drug Overdose Mark B. Mycyk Poisoning and Drug Overdose Poisoning refers to the...

472 Ectoparasite Infestations and Arthropod Injuries dysrhythmias, hypotension, and pulmonary ede...

473 Health Effects of Climate Change Disorders Associated with Environmental Exposures PART 15 Eu...

474 Climate Change and Infectious Disease Government actions/public policy shifts Effects Impact ...

475 Altitude Illness Strengthening Public and Political Support Implementing Policies for Mitigat...

476 Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine Diabetes Mellitus  Well-controlled diabetes is not a contraind...

477 Hypothermia and Peripheral Cold Injuries as necessary. For cases of arterial gas embolism, ev...

478 Heat-Related Illnesses from frostbite. This vesiculation rapidly progresses to ulceration and...

479 Principles of Human Genetics Genes, the Environment, and Disease PART 16 J. Larry Jameson, Pe...

481 Mitochondrial DNA and Heritable Traits and Diseases limited to, variable penetrance, which ma...

482 Telomere Disease Parikh S et al: Diagnosis of “possible” mitochondrial disease: An exis­ tent...

483 Gene and Cell-Based Therapy in Clinical Medicine PART 16 Genes, the Environment, and Disease ...

484 The Human Microbiome in Health and Disease ■ ■COMBINATION APPROACHES: MODIFICATION OF HOST AN...

485 Global Issues in Medicine Joseph J. Rhatigan, Paul E. Farmer* Global Issues in Medicine WHY G...

486 Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases high morbidity and mortality among those who can...

487 Primary Care and Global Health ■ ■FURTHER READING Fauci AS, Morens DM: The perpetual challeng...

488 Biology of Aging Rafael de Cabo, David G. Le Couteur Biology of Aging The increase in older p...

489 Caring for the Geriatric Patient Joseph G. Ouslander, Bernardo Reyes Caring for the Geriatric...

490 Approach to Medical Consultation Jeffrey S. Berns, Jack Ende Approach to Medical Consultation...

491 Medical Disorders During Pregnancy often viewed as convenient, efficient, and a common aspect...

492 Medical Evaluation of the Patient Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery Parikh NI et al: Adverse preg...

493 Point-of-Care Ultrasound Emerging Topics in Clinical Medicine PART 20 Wilma Chan, Nilam J. So...

495 Complementary and Integrative Therapies and Practices seen as intractable, even the most effe...

496 Placebo and Nocebo Effects Kathryn T. Hall, Alia J. Crum Placebo and Nocebo Effects Placebos ...

497 The Role of Epigenetics in Disease and Treatment ■ ■ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS In all of these ap...

498 The Role of Circadian Biology in Health and Disease Millán-Zambrano G et al: Histone post-tra...

500 Emerging Neurotherapeutic Technologies ■ ■FURTHER READING Barabasi A-L et al: Network medicin...

502 Metabolomics language processing relied on a specialized architecture called recurrent neural...

504 Protein Folding Disorders Richard I. Morimoto, G. Scott Budinger Protein Folding Disorders Ma...

505 Novel Approaches to Diseases of Unknown Etiology Levine B, Kroemer G: Biological functions of...