SPMM

1. Learning Theory © SPMM Course Learning Theory The psychological construct of learning refers...

2. Basic principles of visual and auditory perception © SPMM Course 2. Basic principles of visual...

3. Information processing and attention © SPMM Course 3. Information processing and attention Foc...

4. Memory © SPMM Course 4. Memory In all cognitive operations involving memory 3 different proces...

5. Thought & language © SPMM Course 5. Thought & language There are several different theories th...

6. Personality © SPMM Course 6. Personality Theories of personality consider the following differ...

Measuring personality traits: © SPMM Course psychometric construct and content validity. The host...

7. Motivation: needs and drives © SPMM Course 7. Motivation: needs and drives Motivation refers t...

8. Emotions © SPMM Course 8. Emotions Ekman identified 6 primary human emotions – surprise, fear,...

9. Stress: physiological and psychological aspects © SPMM Course 9. Stress: physiological and psy...

The Stress Vulnerability Model © SPMM Course sophisticated models exist. Medications, psychologic...

10. States and levels of awareness © SPMM Course 10. States and levels of awareness Consciousness...

11. Intelligence © SPMM Course 11. Intelligence The two-factor theory of intelligence was postula...

1. Attitudes

Functions of attitudes: (Katz)

Why do attitudes change? © SPMM Course Attitudes Attitudes are “learned predispositions to respo...

Measuring Attitudes © SPMM Course For example, in smokers, discrepancy between cognitions (‘smoki...

Attitude behaviour correlation © SPMM Course assume that subjective attitudes can be quantified m...

2. Self psychology © SPMM Course 2. Self psychology In self-psychology, various concepts are ofte...

3. Interpersonal issues

Attribution © SPMM Course 3. Interpersonal issues Attribution This is the process by which we mak...

Theory of Mind © SPMM Course  The term Barnum effect or Forer effect refers to the widespread pr...

Interpersonal relationships © SPMM Course Flavell et al. (1986) noted that children older than 4 ...

Linguistics of interpersonal communication

Persuasive communication © SPMM Course  Fatuous love: passion and commitment but no intimacy see...

4. Leadership, social influence, power and obedience

Conformity & obedience © SPMM Course 4. Leadership, social influence, power and obedience Conform...

Group processes

Social power © SPMM Course balanced flexibility, and if the minority appeared to have some simila...

Leadership

Social Influence © SPMM Course Reward Power - based on the perceived ability to give positive co...

5. Intergroup behaviour

Prejudice © SPMM Course 5. Intergroup behaviour Prejudice Prejudice is essentially an attitude. I...

6. Aggression © SPMM Course 6. Aggression There are several types of aggression as outlined below...

Stress and aggression among primates © SPMM Course High arousal Disinhibition – ‘this is happeni...

7. Altruism © SPMM Course 7. Altruism Any action that is intended to help others is called Prosoc...

1. Social Classification © SPMM Course Social Classification In Britain occupational classifica...

2. Sick role and illness behaviour © SPMM Course 2. Sick role and illness behaviour The sick role...

3. Social role of doctors © SPMM Course 3. Social role of doctors General Medical Council (UK) an...

4. Family life in relation to major mental illnesses © SPMM Course 4. Family life in relation to ...

5. Life events © SPMM Course 5. Life events (This section is best read in conjunction with the se...

6. Social factors and mental health issues

Society as a risk factor © SPMM Course 6. Social factors and mental health issues Society as a ri...

Sociology of mental illness © SPMM Course pregnancy complications such as toxaemia or eclampsia, ...

Suicide and sociology © SPMM Course  Thus societal-labelling may occur in one-off crises situati...

Social factors in schizophrenia © SPMM Course Social factors in schizophrenia The significant soc...

Social factors in addictions © SPMM Course Caribbean men were 29% more likely to have been subjec...

7. The sociology of institutions © SPMM Course 7. The sociology of institutions Goffman described...

8. Criminology and penology © SPMM Course 8. Criminology and penology In simple terms, criminolog...

9. Stigma and prejudice

Themes of stigma © SPMM Course 9. Stigma and prejudice Stigma is an attribute, trait or behaviour...

Interventions against stigma © SPMM Course 4. Status loss and discrimination follow soon after. A...

10. Culture and mental health © SPMM Course 10. Culture and mental health Comparative psychiatry ...

11. Culture-Bound Syndromes © SPMM Course 11. Culture-Bound Syndromes Culture bound syndromes are...

12. Philosophy in psychiatry

Anti-psychiatry movement © SPMM Course 12. Philosophy in psychiatry Philosophy concerns the frame...

Philosophical basis of psychopathology © SPMM Course  The labelling model: The features of ‘so c...

13. Ethics in psychiatry © SPMM Course 13. Ethics in psychiatry Ethics provides guidance on decis...

Landmark publications relevant for critique on ethics © SPMM Course  The informative model. The ...

Landmark studies relevant for critique on ethics © SPMM Course  Declaration of Geneva 1948: Reaf...

1. Conceptualizing development © SPMM Course Conceptualizing development In psychology, maturit...

Models and theories

Maturational tasks © SPMM Course Models and theories Developmental theories aim to explain how ch...

Adversities and development © SPMM Course Adversities and development A critical period is a time...

Methodology for studying development © SPMM Course  Toxic stress response - strong, frequent, or...

2. Attachment theory

Bowlby believed that attachment is innate and adaptive. We are all born with an inherited need t...

This classification below correlates highly with 1. Responsiveness and sensitivity of the mothers...

Object relations theory © SPMM Course this by presenting himself as the moving object, the goslin...

3. Parenting practices © SPMM Course 3. Parenting practices Parenting style is a psychological co...

Effect of family dysfunction © SPMM Course  First-borns - get more parental time and have higher...

4. Temperament © SPMM Course 4. Temperament This is an aspect of personality studied in infants. ...

Resilience to mental illness © SPMM Course (Note that the concept of Good-Enough Mothering was pr...

5. Cognitive Development © SPMM Course 5. Cognitive Development Erikson’s stages Erikson proposed...

Sensorimotor stage: (SPIRO)

Preoperational stage: (FAT PILES) © SPMM Course 11 years Formal operational Here manipulation of...

Concrete operational stage: © SPMM Course transformed into a different shape or structure. E.g. 1...

6. Language development

Stages of language development: © SPMM Course 6. Language development Basic speech sounds are cal...

7. Social competence and peer relationships © SPMM Course 7. Social competence and peer relations...

8. Moral development © SPMM Course 8. Moral development Freudian theory: According to Freud, boys...

9. Emotional literacy and fears

In a detailed longitudinal study, (Development of Toddlers Study (D.O.T.S.)) Cole et al. observed...

Developmental fears © SPMM Course Imaginary companions are often a part of emotional development....

10. Sexual development

Theories of Gender Identity development © SPMM Course 10. Sexual development Gender identity typi...

11. Adaptations in adolescence & adult life

Puberty trends: © SPMM Course 11. Adaptations in adolescence & adult life Adolescence is the peri...

12. Adaptation with ageing

Phases of retirement: © SPMM Course 12. Adaptation with ageing Age is the first social category l...

13. Genetic influences on development. © SPMM Course 13. Genetic influences on development. Brain...

14. Neuroimaging and neurodevelopment © SPMM Course 14. Neuroimaging and neurodevelopment (This s...

1. General anatomy of the brain

A. Cortical structures

Hemispheric lateralisation © SPMM Course General anatomy of the brain A. Cortical structures The...

B. Subcortical structures

Limbic system/ Papez circuit

Medial temporal structures

Basal Ganglia © SPMM Course  In right-handed people, the left hemisphere is mostly dominant. In ...

Thalamus © SPMM Course  They include striatum made of the caudate nucleus and putamen and pallid...

Hypothalamus

C. Cerebellum

D. Brain stem and cranial nerves © SPMM Course Hypothalamus  The hypothalamus regulates physiolo...

E. Spinal Cord

F. Cerebrospinal fluid © SPMM Course VII Facial Both sensory and motor. Transmits taste sensation...

2. Blood supply to the brain

A. Major branches

B. Effect of lesions © SPMM Course 2. Blood supply to the brain A. Major branches The internal ca...

3. White matter pathways © SPMM Course 3. White matter pathways There are 3 major types of white ...

4. Cell types in the nervous system

A. Cortical layers

B. Special neuronal cell types © SPMM Course 4. Cell types in the nervous system A. Cortical laye...

C. Glial cells © SPMM Course the largest in the central nervous system, sometimes reaching 100 μm...

5. Major neurochemical pathways

A. Dopaminergic pathways

B. Cholinergic pathways © SPMM Course 5. Major neurochemical pathways A. Dopaminergic pathways De...

C. Serotonergic pathways

D. Noradrenergic pathways

E. Glutamatergic system

F. GABAergic system © SPMM Course C. Serotonergic pathways Most of the brain’s serotonergic neuro...

1. Physiology of Neuronal Activity

A. Action Potentials

B. Synaptic activity © SPMM Course Physiology of Neuronal Activity A. Action Potentials An actio...

2. Neural basis of physiological functions

A. Eating

B. Temperature

C. Pain © SPMM Course 2. Neural basis of physiological functions A. Eating The hypothalamus has 2...

D. Thirst

E. Abnormalities in physiological drives © SPMM Course Thalamic pain syndrome can occur in cases ...

3. Neurodevelopment

A. Neurogenesis

B. Neuronal Migration/Myelination

C. Synaptic pruning © SPMM Course 3. Neurodevelopment A. Neurogenesis Early fetal life is a proli...

D. Cerebral plasticity © SPMM Course decade. Dopamine receptors continue to decrease in adult yea...

4. Neuroendocrinology

A. Pituitary gland © SPMM Course 4. Neuroendocrinology A. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland has...

B. Thyroid gland

C. Adrenal Cortex © SPMM Course B. Thyroid gland TRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the secreti...

Dexamethasone suppression test (DST) © SPMM Course neurons in the basolateral amygdala may occur,...

D. Pineal gland © SPMM Course o Continued failure to suppress cortisol despite the apparent recov...

5. Physiology of sleep

A. Measurement

B. Architecture

NREM sleep: © SPMM Course 5. Physiology of sleep A. Measurement  Actigraphy: This is used to qua...

REM sleep

C. Brain activity © SPMM Course  Reduced recall of dreams if awaken. (Sleep terror is an NREM di...

D. Regulation

Hypothalamic controls

Ascending Reticular Activating System - Neurotransmitters © SPMM Course  Often they occur after ...

E. Drugs and Disorders © SPMM Course E. Drugs and Disorders Disorder / drugs Changes Alcohol  In...

6. Neurophysiological measurements

A. EEG

Wave forms noted in EEG © SPMM Course 6. Neurophysiological measurements A. EEG  EEG records the...

Abnormalities in EEG © SPMM Course Abnormalities in EEG EEG in various disorders Absence seizures...

Effect of drugs on EEG

B. MEG

C. ERP © SPMM Course  Diffuse slowing of background is the most common EEG abnormality; it is no...

1. Synaptic transmission © SPMM Course Synaptic transmission  The presynaptic neuron synthesise...

2. Classification of receptors © SPMM Course 2. Classification of receptors Receptors may be cate...

3. Dopamine © SPMM Course 3. Dopamine •tyrosine l-dopa  dopamine Source Source •tyrosine hydrox...

4. Noradrenaline © SPMM Course 4. Noradrenaline •tyrosine l-dopa dopamine  norepinephrine  ep...

5. Serotonin © SPMM Course 5. Serotonin •tryptophan5 hydroxy l-tryptophan  serotonin Source Sou...

6. Acetylcholine © SPMM Course 6. Acetylcholine •choline and acetyl-coenzyme A Source Source •ava...

7. GABA © SPMM Course 7. GABA •Glutamic acid (glutamate) Source Source •glutamic acid decarboxyla...

8. Glutamate © SPMM Course 8. Glutamate •1. from 2-oxoglutarate and aspartate by aspartate aminot...

9. Glycine

10. Endocannabinoids

11. Neurotrophins © SPMM Course 9. Glycine  Glycine is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter i...

12. Some clinical implications © SPMM Course 12. Some clinical implications β ADRENOCEPTOR Chron...

1. Cell cycle

2. Cell division

Meiotic division © SPMM Course Cell cycle Each cell undergoes a natural cycle in terms of its re...

3. Chromosomal Numbers: © SPMM Course  The main differences are the occurrence of synapsis (cros...

Important trisomies/monosomies © SPMM Course Sometimes, non-disjunction can occur during mitosis ...

4. DNA & RNA structure © SPMM Course Assembly’ may be affected more than others. Mathematical abi...

5. Synthesis of DNA, RNA & Protein © SPMM Course sequences that are non-coding (called introns) a...

6. Types of mutations © SPMM Course folded or aberrant proteins to enter lysosomes for destructio...

Some deletion syndromes of psychiatric relevance © SPMM Course is replaced by another purine or a...

7. Mendelian inheritance © SPMM Course Disorder Location and mode of transmission Features DiGeor...

A. Single gene inheritance (Mendelian) disorders

Autosomal dominant disorders © SPMM Course determining white colour and one determining black col...

Autosomal recessive disorders

Sex-linked disorders © SPMM Course penetrance increases the likelihood of having an unaffected ch...

X-linked recessive disorders © SPMM Course X-linked recessive disorders If a recessive disease-ca...

X-linked dominant disorders

B. Non Mendelian inheritance

Mitochondrial inheritance © SPMM Course of the sons will be affected, and half of the daughters w...

Trinucleotide expansions © SPMM Course Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the commones...

Multifactorial inheritance

Polygenic inheritance

8. Polymorphisms © SPMM Course Multifactorial inheritance It is a complex inheritance in which mu...

9. Cytogenetic techniques © SPMM Course  VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats). These polymo...

10. Heritability & concordance © SPMM Course known to carry out PCR. It is not error free as labo...

Specific heritability factors © SPMM Course heritability. Non-additive genetic influences include...

11. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium © SPMM Course Bipolar disorder 80 Major depression Generalized an...

12. Types of genetic studies

A. Classical genetic studies:

Twin Studies © SPMM Course 12. Types of genetic studies Genetic methods can be classified into fo...

Family studies © SPMM Course Family studies There are two types of family studies. The family his...

B. Molecular genetic studies

Linkage analysis © SPMM Course Adoption studies Adoption studies are useful to differentiate the ...

LOD Scores © SPMM Course other locus will also be transmitted to the daughter cell. But linked lo...

Whole genome scan

Association studies © SPMM Course the disease this will be detectable as increased allele sharing...

Linkage vs. association

C. Alternative approaches in genetic studies © SPMM Course Linkage vs. association Linkage studie...

13. Psychiatric genetics

A. Causal models © SPMM Course memory defects, information processing defects such as prepulse in...

B. Genetics of Schizophrenia © SPMM Course B. Genetics of Schizophrenia How important is the gene...

C. Genetics of Mood disorders

Bipolar disorder © SPMM Course  Murray et al. (2002) point out a number of studies that have sho...

Unipolar depression (MDD)

Schizoaffective disorder

Molecular associations (Schizophrenia and Bipolar disorder) © SPMM Course Other implicated chromo...

D. Genetics of dementias © SPMM Course been postulated to be associated with decreased neurogenes...

Frontotemporal dementia © SPMM Course ApoE status unknown (general population) 6.3% 12% No Apo 4 ...

Lewy Body dementia

E. Other disorders

Autism © SPMM Course Lewy Body dementia No specific genetic associations have been established fo...

ADHD

Personality disorders

Panic disorder

Social phobia

Alcoholism © SPMM Course  There appears to be as much variability in the phenotypic symptom expr...

OCD © SPMM Course  Majority of adoption studies show that the risk of alcoholism in adopted chil...

14. Clinical genetics © SPMM Course 14. Clinical genetics When an individual approaches a genetic...

A. Senile plaques

B. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) © SPMM Course Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) Gross changes include ...

C. Hirano bodies

Neuropathological correlate of cognitive decline © SPMM Course  Beta A4 peptide interacts with c...

Hippocampal pathology © SPMM Course tangles and cognitive decline. The best neuropathological cor...

2. Lewy Body Dementia (DLB) © SPMM Course 2. Lewy Body Dementia (DLB)  Lewy bodies are weakly eo...

3. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

Frontal lobe degeneration type

Motor neurone disease (MND) type © SPMM Course 3. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) FTD is associated...

4. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) © SPMM Course 4. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)  Three forms...

5. HIV associated pathology

CNS entry

Mechanism of neuropathogenesis © SPMM Course 5. HIV associated pathology CNS entry  The major HI...

Biopsy findings © SPMM Course metabolites of arachidonic acid, which are neurotoxic, and tumour n...

6. Schizophrenia

Gross changes

Histological changes © SPMM Course 6. Schizophrenia Gross changes  A decrease in brain weight, b...

7. Mood disorders

8. Alcoholic brain damage

9. Autism © SPMM Course 7. Mood disorders  A strong association between mood disorder and the nu...

1. Lobar functions

A. Tests for frontal and parietal lobes © SPMM Course Lobar functions A. Tests for frontal and p...

B. Lobar lesions

Frontal lobe lesions

Parietal lobe lesions © SPMM Course B. Lobar lesions Frontal lobe lesions Parietal lobe lesions U...

Temporal lobe lesions © SPMM Course Temporal lobe lesions Unilateral lesions Bilateral lesions Ho...

Occipital lobe lesions

C. Neuropsychological tests

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) © SPMM Course Occipital lobe lesions C. Neuropsychol...

Other cognitive instruments © SPMM Course Other cognitive instruments Raven’s progressive matrix ...

2. Consciousness © SPMM Course 2. Consciousness  Consciousness is a state characterised by an aw...

3. Attention and orientation © SPMM Course 3. Attention and orientation  Attention can be clinic...

4. Executive function © SPMM Course 4. Executive function  This includes planning, initiation, s...

5. Visuospatial ability

Neglect

Dressing and constructional apraxia © SPMM Course 5. Visuospatial ability  Information from the ...

6. Memory

Classification of memory

Brain structures involved in memory © SPMM Course 6. Memory Classification of memory  According ...

Disorders of memory © SPMM Course  Other regions: In most cases of memory loss procedural memory...

7. Language © SPMM Course 7. Language  Aphasia refers to a higher-level language defect despite ...

8. Apraxia

Types of apraxia © SPMM Course 8. Apraxia  Damasio and Geschwind (1985) defined apraxia as a con...

9. Agnosias

Visual agnosia

Prosopagnosia

Colour deficits © SPMM Course 9. Agnosias Visual agnosia o Visual object agnosia refers to a fail...

10. Other neurological deficits © SPMM Course 10. Other neurological deficits Acalculia refers to...

11. Cranial nerves

Olfactory nerve CN I

Optic nerve CN II © SPMM Course 11. Cranial nerves Olfactory nerve CN I  Only sensory nerve to h...

Pupillary light reflex

The convergence / accommodation reflex

Oculomotor nerve - CN III

Trochlear nerve - CN IV © SPMM Course Acuity using the Snellen chart (near and distant vision) V...

Trigeminal nerve - CN V

Abducens nerve - CN VI

Facial nerve - CN VII

Vestibulocochlear nerve - CN VIII © SPMM Course Trigeminal nerve - CN V  The nucleus of the nerv...

Glossopharyngeal nerve - CN IX

Vagus nerve - CN X © SPMM Course hearing should continue to hear the sound. In conductive hearing...

Spinal accessory nerve - CN XI

Hypoglossal nerve - CN XII

12. Traumatic brain injury © SPMM Course Spinal accessory nerve - CN XI  Spinal root supplies tr...

1. Historical overview © SPMM Course Historical overview  In 1915, Macht and Mora coined the t...

2. Classification of psychotropics © SPMM Course 2. Classification of psychotropics Chemical stru...

Novel agents in the making © SPMM Course Classification by mechanisms of action SSRIs Citalopram,...

3. The principles of rational prescribing of psychotropics © SPMM Course 3. The principles of rat...

4. Placebo effect © SPMM Course 4. Placebo effect  Placebo is any intervention deliberately used...

5. Drug approval © SPMM Course 5. Drug approval Any drug must undergo the following steps before ...

6. Medication adherence

Adherence measurement tools © SPMM Course 6. Medication adherence  Compliance is defined as the ...

Factors affecting adherence

Improving adherence © SPMM Course Factors affecting adherence  Patients with poor insight may st...

1. Principles of pharmacokinetics

A. Absorption

Oral administration © SPMM Course Principles of pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics refers to the ...

Intramuscular administration

Intravenous routes © SPMM Course Size of drug particle Solubility of the drug Properties of inte...

B. Permeation: © SPMM Course B. Permeation: Permeation of a drug is defined as the lipid membrane...

C. Distribution: © SPMM Course C. Distribution: Distribution of a drug refers to ‘where’ in the b...

Blood-brain barrier © SPMM Course (Chadwick et al., 2005). Protein binding interactions become re...

D. Bioavailability: © SPMM Course D. Bioavailability: Bioavailability refers to how much of an ad...

E. Metabolism of drugs: © SPMM Course for lithium carbonate or Clozaril vs. zaponex for clozapine...

F. Excretion: © SPMM Course F. Excretion: The major routes of drug excretion are via urine, faece...

G. Elimination kinetics: © SPMM Course fall in the plasma drug concentration, which is caused by ...

2. Indices of safety and efficacy: © SPMM Course 2. Indices of safety and efficacy: Quantal or do...

3. Variables affecting pharmacokinetics:

A. Changes in the elderly © SPMM Course 3. Variables affecting pharmacokinetics: A. Changes in th...

B. Changes in neonates:

C. Changes in pregnancy:

D. Changes with renal impairment: © SPMM Course may be 600ml/min as compared to 1200ml/min in you...

4. Clinically relevant kinetics and interactions:

A. Tricyclic antidepressants: © SPMM Course 4. Clinically relevant kinetics and interactions: A. ...

B. SSRIs © SPMM Course B. SSRIs  The SSRIs are rapidly absorbed. Sertraline availability may be ...

C. Other antidepressants © SPMM Course C. Other antidepressants The MAOIs are all rapidly absorbe...

Terms used to describe therapeutic effects of antidepressants © SPMM Course compared to buspirone...

D. Mood stabilisers © SPMM Course D. Mood stabilisers Lithium is orally well absorbed but not met...

E. Typical antipsychotics: © SPMM Course to about 75mL/min. The active CBZ-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) ...

Depot atypicals © SPMM Course  Lipid storage and brain retention are significant; depot forms of...

F. Atypical antipsychotics: © SPMM Course F. Atypical antipsychotics: All atypicals are orally we...

G. Antidementia drugs:

H. Other drugs: © SPMM Course be supplemented with oral risperidone for 3 weeks. Requires refrige...

Benzodiazepines: © SPMM Course Benzodiazepines: Drug Duration of action Effect Diazepam, chlordia...

1. Introduction © SPMM Course Introduction The term pharmacodynamics refers to the study of the...

2. Receptor mechanisms © SPMM Course 2. Receptor mechanisms The ‘receptor’ of a drug can be defin...

3. Modes of therapeutic action for psychotropics

Antipsychotic drugs © SPMM Course 3. Modes of therapeutic action for psychotropics Antipsychotic ...

Antidepressant drugs © SPMM Course Antidepressant drugs DRUG MECHANISM Agomelatine Agomelatine en...

Mood stabilizers © SPMM Course Mood stabilizers DRUG MECHANISM Carbamazepine Prolongs sodium chan...

Sedatives & Hypnotics © SPMM Course Sedatives & Hypnotics DRUG MECHANISM Benzodiazepines Act via ...

Addiction pharmacology © SPMM Course Addiction pharmacology DRUG MECHANISM Alcohol Intercalates i...

Anti dementia drugs © SPMM Course Anti dementia drugs DRUG MECHANISM Donepezil, Galantamine, Riva...

Miscellaneous drugs © SPMM Course Miscellaneous drugs DRUG MECHANISM Amantadine Used in Parkinson...

4. Neurochemical effects of ECT © SPMM Course 4. Neurochemical effects of ECT  Repeated subconvu...

5. Psychopharmacogenetics © SPMM Course 5. Psychopharmacogenetics Psychopharmacogenetics focuses ...

6. Ethnopharmacology © SPMM Course 6. Ethnopharmacology Ethnicity is defined as a self-ascribed b...

Gender differences in psychopharmacology © SPMM Course Gender differences in psychopharmacology ...

1. Types of adverse reactions © SPMM Course Types of adverse reactions Type of reaction Mnemoni...

2. Mechanism of adverse effects © SPMM Course 2. Mechanism of adverse effects Side effect Recepto...

3. Antipsychotics - adverse effects

Extrapyramidal effects © SPMM Course 3. Antipsychotics - adverse effects Extrapyramidal effects A...

Agranulocytosis © SPMM Course Consists of the tetrad of extreme hyperthermia, severe muscular rig...

Sexual dysfunction:

Other side effects © SPMM Course Transient leucopenia can occur with typical neuroleptics. But ag...

Metabolic syndrome © SPMM Course observation period of at least 1 - 3 hours in a healthcare facil...

4. Antidepressants - adverse effects

Tricyclic agents © SPMM Course 4. Antidepressants - adverse effects Tricyclic agents Side effects...

SSRI antidepressants © SPMM Course CPK elevation common; WBC also elevated These laboratory abnor...

Other antidepressants © SPMM Course agonists, (e.g. buspirone) and bupropion (being a dopamine re...

5. Antimanic agents - adverse effects

Renal effects

Cardiac effects

Endocrine effects © SPMM Course 5. Antimanic agents - adverse effects Renal effects Certain side ...

Haematological effects

Neurological effects © SPMM Course and in non-responsive rapid cyclers with bipolar disorder, usi...

Gastrointestinal effects

Teratogenic effects

Skin effects © SPMM Course Gastrointestinal effects Valproate inhibits hepatic enzymes; in some c...

Weight related effects © SPMM Course Valproate can cause obesity, hyperandrogenism and PCOD assoc...

6. Other agents - adverse effects © SPMM Course 6. Other agents - adverse effects Cholinesterase ...

7. Psychiatric effects of non-psychiatric drugs © SPMM Course High-potency benzodiazepines such a...

8. Prescribing controlled drugs © SPMM Course 8. Prescribing controlled drugs 1971 MISUSE OF DRUG...

9. ADR Databases © SPMM Course 9. ADR Databases It is vital that adverse drug reactions (ADRs) th...

1. Approaches to Classification © SPMM Course Approaches to Classification The two major contemp...

Structure of ICD-10 © SPMM Course both diagnoses in a given patient at a point of time. This hier...

Structure of DSM-IV

Newer Classification Systems

Proposed changes to ICD-11 © SPMM Course o ICD-10: CDDG (clinical descriptions and diagnostic gui...

Summary of major changes to DSM-5 © SPMM Course Summary of major changes to DSM-5 DSM-5 is compri...

2. Psychoactive substance use disorders © SPMM Course 2. Psychoactive substance use disorders Men...

3. Organic disorders © SPMM Course 3. Organic disorders Chapter F00 in ICD-10 discusses organic d...

4. Classification of psychosis

Schizophrenia

Earlier diagnostic criteria © SPMM Course 4. Classification of psychosis Schizophrenia Schizophre...

ICD-10 schizophrenia © SPMM Course of onset of psychosis o Onset of illness prior to age 40 ICD-1...

Contrasting DSM-IV and ICD-10 © SPMM Course florid symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations ...

Various atypical psychotic disorders © SPMM Course does not negate diagnosis. It is also called s...

5. Classification of mood disorders

Depressive disorder

Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) © SPMM Course 5. Classification of mood disorders Depressive di...

Other affective disorders © SPMM Course o Rapid cycling: When at least four episodes of bipolar d...

6. Classification of Neurotic Disorders

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) © SPMM Course 6. Classification of Neurotic Disorders Though t...

Panic disorder © SPMM Course 6. Other: exaggerated responses to minor surprises/being startled; c...

Phobic anxiety disorders © SPMM Course primary diagnosis, with panic disorder being a qualifier f...

Obsessive-compulsive disorder © SPMM Course patient may drop fainting with low BP and bradycardia...

Reactions to severe stress

Acute stress reaction

Adjustment disorder © SPMM Course DSM-IV describes OCD as an anxiety disorder along with GAD and ...

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Dissociative (conversion) disorders © SPMM Course Posttraumatic stress disorder The term PTSD den...

Somatoform disorders © SPMM Course pain disorder are classified along with the somatoform disorde...

Other neurotic disorders © SPMM Course begins in adolescence and is chronic with some fluctuation...

7. Disturbances of behaviour and body physiology

Eating Disorders © SPMM Course 7. Disturbances of behaviour and body physiology This  includes  v...

Sleep disorders © SPMM Course Sleep disorders ICD-10 chapter V (mental health) recognises only no...

Sexual disorders © SPMM Course A more commonly used classification system for sleep disorders is ...

Other physiological disorders © SPMM Course Other physiological disorders Puerperal disorders: F5...

8. Disorders of adult personality and behaviour

Personality disorders © SPMM Course 8. Disorders of adult personality and behaviour Personality d...

Habit and impulse disorders

Gender identity disorders © SPMM Course Habit and impulse disorders Impulse control disorders (DS...

Paraphilias (Disorders of sexual preference) © SPMM Course Most adult transsexuals, in fact, have...

9. Mental retardation © SPMM Course 9. Mental retardation ICD-10 specifies 4 degrees of mental re...

10. Disorders of psychological development © SPMM Course 10. Disorders of psychological developme...

11. Disorders with childhood onset © SPMM Course 11. Disorders with childhood onset Major ICD-10 ...

1. History Taking & Interview Skills © SPMM Course History Taking & Interview Skills The four ta...

2. Laboratory assessment of physical factors © SPMM Course 2. Laboratory assessment of physical f...

Anorexia © SPMM Course EEG No need for routine EEG. But rapid onset dementia may suggest CJD for ...

Alcohol use disorders © SPMM Course o During laxative induced diarrhoea, a large amount of bicarb...

Specific investigations © SPMM Course defects due to maternal malnourishment. Specific investigat...

3. Physical examination of a psychiatric patient

General examination © SPMM Course 3. Physical examination of a psychiatric patient General examin...

Neurological examination in psychiatry © SPMM Course Neurological examination in psychiatry Crani...

Other neurological signs © SPMM Course Other neurological signs  Absent ankle jerks, upgoing pla...

Bedside cognitive examination tools © SPMM Course Bedside cognitive examination tools (This secti...

4. Imaging of the nervous system © SPMM Course 4. Imaging of the nervous system Computed Tomograp...

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) © SPMM Course Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy –MRS ...

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography - SPECT © SPMM Course sequence. This is called Blood O...

1. Mood and Affect:

Aspects of Affect:

Coexisting features of mood disturbance: © SPMM Course Mood and Affect: The terms affective diso...

Pain symptoms: © SPMM Course Mixed states: It is long appreciated that between the extremes of ma...

Anhedonia & Alexithymia:

Mood and perception of time: © SPMM Course For somatoform pain, head and neck are the most common...

2. Disorders of perception © SPMM Course 2. Disorders of perception Perception consists of two pa...

Imagery & Illusions © SPMM Course The above table has been pictorially represented below: Imagery...

Pseudohallucinations: © SPMM Course Type of illusion Context Quality Effect of concentration Exam...

Hallucinations © SPMM Course They are intermediate between fantasy (imagery) and hallucinations. ...

Synaesthesia: © SPMM Course Reflex hallucinations: These are hallucinations in one modality provo...

3. Delusions © SPMM Course 3. Delusions DSM-IV defines a delusion as “A false belief … that is fi...

4. First Rank Symptoms: © SPMM Course 4. First Rank Symptoms:  Kurt Schneider, a German psychiat...

5. Psychopathology of speech

Aspects of conversational speech:

Disorders of phonation/articulation:

Disturbed speech production:

1. Altered speed of speech:

2. Altered amount of speech: © SPMM Course 5. Psychopathology of speech Aspects of conversational...

3. Repetitive speech:

Disturbed Language processing: © SPMM Course b. Hysterical mutism: This is relatively rare, and t...

Components of Language production:

Aphasia:

Disorders of reading and writing: © SPMM Course Components of Language production: Fluency: Prod...

6. Disorders of Thought:

Elements of thought: © SPMM Course 6. Disorders of Thought: Normal thinking: Normal thinking is o...

Formal thought disorders (FTD): © SPMM Course thought disorder’. But note that the term FTD incre...

Stream of Thought: © SPMM Course space, demonstrating graphical connections between people and qu...

Possession /Control of thought: © SPMM Course Possession /Control of thought: Obsessions are unwa...

7. Motor symptoms

Catatonic symptoms: © SPMM Course 7. Motor symptoms Fish classified motor symptoms into a. Abnorm...

Non-Catatonic symptoms: © SPMM Course similar to thought blocking but occurs while carrying out m...

8. Miscellaneous topics

Pathology of familiarity:

Memory and dissociation: © SPMM Course 8. Miscellaneous topics Pathology of familiarity: Déjà vu ...

Depersonalisation: © SPMM Course conversion symptom not delusional as the husband does not think ...

Insight:

Phenomenology of epilepsy: © SPMM Course Desomatisation refers to depersonalisation that is local...

1. Defence mechanisms

How is a defence mechanism formed?

Mature defences: © SPMM Course Defence mechanisms Defence mechanisms are not descriptions; they...

Neurotic defences: © SPMM Course Painful event or sexual impulse Postponement of painful problems...

Narcissistic defences: © SPMM Course Repression Dissociation Information is stored in the unconsc...

Kleinian defences: © SPMM Course Kleinian defences: (SIPDOG – splitting, introjection, projective...

Immature defences: © SPMM Course – Various parts of the self may be projected, with various aims:...

Defences and disorders © SPMM Course Defences and disorders Disorder Defenses commonly used Alcoh...

2. Dynamic models of the mind:

Topographical theory

Problems with topographic theory: © SPMM Course 2. Dynamic models of the mind: Topographical theo...

Instinct/drive theory

Hierarchy of anxiety

Analytical Psychology (Jungian Model) © SPMM Course Instinct/drive theory This theory has derived...

3. Dynamic interpretation of dreams © SPMM Course 3. Dynamic interpretation of dreams Freud was i...

1. General principles © SPMM Course General principles Rating scales give clinicians an objectiv...

2. Diagnostic schedules © SPMM Course 2. Diagnostic schedules Scale Mode of administration Featur...

3. Depression rating scales: © SPMM Course 3. Depression rating scales: 2 Questions scale (also c...

4. Alcohol rating scales: © SPMM Course 4. Alcohol rating scales: CAGE Questions: 1. Have you eve...

5. Scales used in child psychiatry © SPMM Course 5. Scales used in child psychiatry The Child & A...

6. Scales used in old age psychiatry © SPMM Course 6. Scales used in old age psychiatry  The Ger...

7. Other clinical rating scales © SPMM Course 7. Other clinical rating scales SCALE Mode of admin...

8. Outcome scales in psychiatry

Some examples of outcome scales © SPMM Course 8. Outcome scales in psychiatry The purpose of clin...

9. Psychometry of rating scales: © SPMM Course 9. Psychometry of rating scales: When developing m...

10. Risk assessment © SPMM Course 10. Risk assessment Risk is the likelihood that harm will occur...

Approaches to risk assessment

Clinical approach

Actuarial approach

Structured professional judgment © SPMM Course Approaches to risk assessment Clinical approach In...

Stages in risk assessment

Commonly used tools

Structured Risk Tools © SPMM Course Stages in risk assessment According to Bouch & Marshall, the ...

Actuarial instruments © SPMM Course SARA: Spousal assault risk assessment guide SARA is a 20 item...

530_Eponyms.pdf Eponyms Eponyms & uncommon syndromes Angelman syndrome: Congenital syndrome of me...

AdvEffectsChart_v3.pdf Worsening of glaucoma: paroxetine, quetiapine, TCAs Retinal pigmn: Thiorid...