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cycle Storage phase The storage phase of the micturition cycle requires relaxation of the detru...

diverticula Bladder diverticula can be congenital or acquired (secondary to infravesical bladder ...

α -adrenoceptor antagonists 1 The α -adrenoceptor antagonists are commonly used to 1 improve void...

Urethral catheterisation 1 Aseptic technique – handwashing, sterile gloves, sterile catheter pack...

Venous drainage V esical plexuses on the lateral and inferior surfaces of the bladder drain into...

Vesicovaginal fistulae VVF is the most common urinary tract fistula. In developing countries, obste...

URINARY TRACT FISTULAE A fistula is an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tub...

URINARY TRACT INFECTION UTI is the inflammatory response of the urothelium to bacte - rial invasi...

Urachal anomalies Urachal anomalies are often detected after birth with symptoms of umbilical di...

Types of catheter Catheters can be classified based on their size (French scale), number of chann...

URINARY INCONTINENCE Urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of urine. It can be c...

URINARY RETENTION Urinary retention is defined as the inability to pass urine despite persistent e...

TRACT DYSFUNCTION NLUTD refers to bladder and/or urethral sphincteric disorders that result from ...

The micturition cycle The key characteristics of the two phases of the micturition cycle are ( ...

Treatment The cause of the stone should be sought and treated; this may include bladder outlet o...

Spinal cord injury SCI often results in significant LUT dysfunction with a high risk of UTI/sepsi...

Suprapubic catheterisation Suprapubic catheterisation (SPC) carries a small but significant risk o...

Surgical treatment of bladder diverticula Congenital bladder diverticula should only be treated i...

Presentation Patients most commonly present with painless haematuria (in 85%). Storage LUTS of f...

Radiation cystitis Radiation cystitis is a common complication of pelvic radio therapy with inci...