Staging of breast cancer

Staging of breast cancer

Staging refers to the process of finding out the extent of tumour. The eighth edition of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)–American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system is currently used ( Table 58.6 In addition to anatomical staging, the eighth edition of the AJCC TNM staging system includes the histological grade, the ER, PR, HER2/neu and Ki-67 assessment, multigene testing ® with Oncotype DX and the response to neoadjuvant chemo therapy to refine the prognostic information. The key points in the eighth edition of the AJCC TNM staging system are listed in Summary box 58.3 .