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Principles of electrosurgery during laparoscopic surgery Inadvertent electrosurgical injuries during minimal access surgery are potentially serious and are often unrecognised at the time. The vast majority occur following the use of monopolar diathermy . For ...

ROBOTIC SURGERY A robot is a mechanical device that performs automated phys - ical tasks according to direct human supervision, a predefined program or a set of general guidelines, using artificial intel - ligence (AI) technology . In surgery , robots can be us...

SURGICAL TRAUMA IN OPEN, MINIMALL Y INVASIVE AND ROBOTIC SURGERY Most of the trauma of an open procedure is inflicted because the surgeon must have a wound that is large enough to give adequate exposure for safe dissection at a target site. The wound is often t...

SURGICAL TRAUMA IN OPEN, MINIMALL Y INVASIVE AND ROBOTIC SURGERY Most of the trauma of an open procedure is inflicted because the surgeon must have a wound that is large enough to give adequate exposure for safe dissection at a target site. The wound is often t...

Shoulder tip pain Patients should be warned about this preoperatively and informed that the pain is referred from the diaphragm and that it is not due to a local problem in the shoulders. It can be at its worst 24 hours after the operation. It usually settles ...

Single-incision minimal access surgery Single-incision minimal access surgery has varied in popularity with both strong advocates and others who are sceptical of any advantages. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) involves insertion of all instrumen...

Skin sutures If non-absorbable sutures or skin staples have been used, they can be removed from the port sites after 7–10 days. Skin sutures If non-absorbable sutures or skin staples have been used, they can be removed from the port sites after 7–10 days. Sk...

THE FUTURE Minimal access surgery has changed surgical practice; however, it has not changed the nature of disease. The basic principles of good surgery still apply , including appropriate case selection, excellent exposure, adequate retraction and a high lev...

THEATRE SET-UP AND TOOLS Operating theatre design is key to e ffi ciency . Modern theatres are designed with moveable booms for video, diathermy and laparoscopic equipment with at least two high-resolution, high-definition (HD) or ultra-high-definition (4K) monito...

Thoracoscopy A rigid endoscope is introduced through an incision placed - between the ribs to gain access to the thorax. In the majority of cases, specialist anaesthetic support is required to ensure isolation of the lung on the side of surgery , enabling t...

Uptake of robotic surgery Many surgical specialties have embraced robot-assisted techniques, including general surgery , cardiothoracic surgery , urology , orthopaedics, ear, nose and throat surgery , gynaecol ogy and paediatric surgery . Specialties that use ...

Urinary catheter The requirement for a urinary catheter depends on the opera - tion. In shorter (<4 hours) minimal access procedures a urinary catheter is not usually required. If a urinary catheter has been placed in the bladder during an operation with like...

surgery Arthroscopy was one of the earliest applications of endoscopic techniques, first being applied in the knee as early as the 1930s. - In the 1950s Watanabe developed arthroscopic techniques that - have evolved such that shoulder, wrist, elbow and hip ar...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are very grateful to the following contributors for assistance with previous versions of the chapter and for providing images: Professor Mike Shea ff , London, UK; Dr Manuel Rodriguez-Justo, London, UK. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors...

ASSESSMENT Light microscopy Most tissue assessment depends on conventional light micros - copy . Microscopes have several lenses with various powers of magnification, typically ranging from × 20 to × 400 or more. A low-power lens allows scanning of a sample an...

AUTOPSY In the past, autopsies (postmortems) allowed physicians and scientists to improve their knowledge of the human body and various diseases. The main reason for an autopsy is to confirm the cause of death, but autopsies remain very useful for medical educ...

BRAF V600E mutation for detecting antigens in haematological neoplasms, usually in - blood samples, and for determining ploidy , i.e. the number of sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. Although tradi - tional flow cytometry is of limited value for ...

Basic methods in diagnostic molecular pathology In situ hybridisation H. In situ hybridisation (ISH) uses a labelled oligonucleotide probe - that targets a specific sequence of RNA or DNA. It allows visu - alisation of the presence or absence and location of ...