Oxford IM

1.1 On being a patient 3 ESSENTIALS Those who practise medicine should remember that we are all p...

1.2 A young person’s experience of chronic disease 6 ESSENTIALS For as long as I can remember, my...

1.3 What patients wish you understood 8 ESSENTIALS If I have an acute curable condition, it is li...

1.4 Why do patients attend and what do they want from the consultation? 14 ESSENTIALS It is the j...

1.5 Medical ethics 20 Mike Parker, Mehrunisha Suleman, and Tony Hope ESSENTIALS Medicine is both ...

1.6 Clinical decision- making 26 Timothy E.A. Peto and Philippa Peto ESSENTIALS Clinicians make d...

Contents Contents Volume 1 List of abbreviations  xxxv List of contributors  xlv SECTION 1 Patien...

Copyright 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a ...

Foreword Foreword Professor Sir John Bell, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford In ...

List of abbreviations xxxv Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic a...

Oxford Textbook of Medicine-Volume 1, 6e (May 6, 2020)(0198746695)(Oxford University Press)

Oxford Textbook of Medicine Oxford Textbook of Medicine 1 Oxford Textbook of Medicine SIXTH EDITI...

Preface Preface Changes in medicine The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is published online and has b...

cover 2 ONLY FOR SALE IN INDIA, BANGLADESH, SRI LANKA, NEPAL, BHUTAN, AND MYANMAR AND NOT FOR EXP...

10.1 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning— Introduction 1637 The environm...

10.2 Occupational health 1638

10.2.1 Occupational and environmental health 1638 10.2 Occupational health CONTENTS 10.2.1 Occup...

10.2.2 Occupational safety 1652 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and po...

10.2.3 Aviation medicine 1656 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and pois...

10.2.4 Diving medicine 1664 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poison...

10.2.5 Noise 1671 10.2.5  Noise 1671 inference, lungs that are too small for their bodies, are mo...

10.2.6 Vibration 1673 10.2.6  Vibration 1673 There might be symptoms of annoyance, distraction, f...

10.3 Environment and health 1677

10.3.1 Air pollution and health 1677 10.3 Environment and health CONTENTS 10.3.1 Air pollution a...

10.3.2 Heat 1687 10.3.2  Heat 1687 Air quality index Based on the air quality guidelines, governm...

10.3.3 Cold 1689 10.3.3  Cold 1689 capacity (e.g. anticholinergics). Salicylate overdose can gene...

10.3.4 Drowning 1691 10.3.4  Drowning 1691 Frostbite Human tissues freeze at around –​2 °C. Ice f...

10.3.5 Lightning and electrical injuries 1696 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational me...

10.3.6 Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes 1701 10.3.6  Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes...

10.3.7 Radiation 1709 10.3.7  Radiation 1709 Imray C, et al. (2011). Acute altitude illness. BMJ,...

10.3.8 Disasters: Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions 1713 10.3.8  Disasters ...

10.3.9 Bioterrorism 1718 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning...

10.4 Poisoning 1725

10.4.1 Poisoning by drugs and chemicals 1725 10.4 Poisoning CONTENTS 10.4.1 Poisoning by drugs a...

10.4.2 Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals 1778 SECTION 10 ...

10.4.3 Poisonous fungi 1817 10.4.3  Poisonous fungi 1817 Karunaratne AH, et al. (2015). A Rare Ca...

10.4.4 Poisonous plants 1828 SECTION 10  Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poiso...

10.5 Podoconiosis (nonfilarial elephantiasis) 1833 10.5 Podoconiosis (non​filarial elephantiasis)...

11.1 Nutrition: Macronutrient metabolism 1839 ESSENTIALS Food intake is sporadic and, in many cul...

11.2 Vitamins 1855 ESSENTIALS The vitamins are a disparate group of organic compounds that are re...

11.3 Minerals and trace elements 1871 ESSENTIALS The essential minerals, calcium, phosphorus, pot...

11.4 Severe malnutrition 1880 ESSENTIALS Severe malnutrition is the consequence of systemic defic...

11.5 Diseases of affluent societies and the need for dietary change 1891 ESSENTIALS Nutritional p...

11.6 Obesity 1903 ESSENTIALS Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat that is sufficient to af...

11.7 Artificial nutrition support 1914 ESSENTIALS The prevalence and relevance of undernutrition ...

12.1 The inborn errors of metabolism: General aspects 1929 ESSENTIALS The inborn errors of metabo...

12.10 Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism: The primary hyperoxalurias 2174 ESSENTIALS Prim...

12.11 A physiological approach to acid– base disorders: The roles of ion transport and body fluid...

12.12 The acute phase response, hereditary periodic fever syndromes, and amyloidosis 2199

12.12.1 The acute phase response and C- reactive protein 2199 12.12 The acute phase response, her...

12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromes 2207 12.12.2  Hereditary periodic fever syndromes 220...

12.12.3 Amyloidosis 2218 section 12  Metabolic disorders 2218 Levy R, et  al. (2015). Phenotypic ...

12.13 a1- Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies 2235 ESSENTIALS α1-​Antitrypsin is an acu...

12.2 Protein- dependent inborn errors of metabolism 1942 ESSENTIALS Protein-​dependent inborn err...

12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism 1985

12.3.1 Glycogen storage diseases 1985 Robin H. Lachmann and Timothy M. Cox CONTENTS 12.3.1 Glyco...

12.3.2 Inborn errors of fructose metabolism 1993 Timothy M. Cox 12.3.2  Inborn errors of fructose...

12.3.3 Disorders of galactose, pentose, and pyruvate metabolism 2003 12.3.3  Disorders of galacto...

12.4 Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism 2015 ESSENTIALS These disorders are due to abn...

12.5 The porphyrias 2032 Timothy M. Cox ESSENTIALS The porphyrias are a remarkable family of meta...

12.6 Lipid disorders 2055 ESSENTIALS High blood cholesterol and high blood triglycerides are caus...

12.7 Trace metal disorders 2098

12.7.1 Hereditary haemochromatosis 2098 William J.H. Griffiths and Timothy M. Cox CONTENTS 12.7.1...

12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease 2115 12.7.2 ...

12.8 Lysosomal disease 2121 ESSENTIALS Lysosomal function and classification of diseases The lyso...

12.9 Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adults 2157 ESSENTIALS The peroxisome is a specialize...

13.1 Principles of hormone action 2245 Rob Fowkes, V. Krishna Chatterjee, and Mark Gurnell ESSENT...

13.10 Hormonal manifestations of nonendocrine disease 2541 ESSENTIALS Tumours (usually but not in...

13.11 The pineal gland and melatonin 2553 ESSENTIALS The pineal gland transduces light–​dark cycl...

13.2 Pituitary disorders 2258

13.2.1 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland 2258 Niki Karavitaki and John A.H. Wass CONTENTS...

13.2.2 Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland 2277 13.2.2  Disorders of the posterior pituita...

13.3 Thyroid disorders 2284

13.3.1 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function 2284 CONTENTS 13.3.1 The thyroid gland...

13.3.2 Thyroid cancer 2302 SECTION 13  Endocrine disorders 2302 Bernal J, Guadaño-​Ferraz A, Mort...

13.4 Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolism 2313 ESSENTIALS The control o...

13.5 Adrenal disorders 2331

13.5.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex 2331 Mark Sherlock and Mark Gurnell CONTENTS 13.5.1 Disor...

13.5.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2360 Nils P. Krone and Ieuan A. Hughes SECTION 13  Endocrin...

13.6 Reproductive disorders 2374

13.6.1 Ovarian disorders 2374 Stephen Franks, Kate Hardy, and Lisa J. Webber CONTENTS 13.6.1 Ova...

13.6.2 Disorders of male reproduction and male hypogonadism 2386 section 13  Endocrine disorders ...

13.6.3 Benign breast disease 2406 section 13  Endocrine disorders 2406 FURTHER READING Fernandez-...

13.6.4 Sexual dysfunction 2408 section 13  Endocrine disorders 2408 percutaneous drainage under u...

13.7 Disorders of growth and development 2416

13.7.1 Normal growth and its disorders 2416 CONTENTS 13.7.1 Normal growth and its disorders  241...

13.7.2 Normal puberty and its disorders 2428 section 13  Endocrine disorders 2428 Constitutionall...

13.7.3 Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation 2435 13.7.3  Normal and abnormal sexual differe...

13.8 Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia 2449 ESSENTIALS Pancreatic n...

13.9 Diabetes and hypoglycaemia 2464

13.9.1 Diabetes 2464 CONTENTS 13.9.1 Diabetes  2464 Colin Dayan and Julia Platts 13.9.2 Hypogly...

13.9.2 Hypoglycaemia 2531 13.9.2  Hypoglycaemia 2531 long-​term survival after acute myocardial i...

14.1 Physiological changes of normal pregnancy 2563 ESSENTIALS Almost every maternal organ system...

14.10 Diabetes in pregnancy 2627 ESSENTIALS Diabetes in pregnancy is predominantly either pre-​ex...

14.11 Endocrine disease in pregnancy 2638 ESSENTIALS Thyroid Many pregnant women will develop goi...

14.12 Neurological conditions in pregnancy 2642 ESSENTIALS Pregnancy can influence the clinical c...

14.13 The skin in pregnancy 2648 ESSENTIALS Dermatoses in pregnancy are common, they may be very ...

14.14 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancy 2655 ESSENTIALS Autoimmune disea...

14.15 Maternal infection in pregnancy 2671 ESSENTIALS Human Immunodeficiency Virus—​the global ro...

14.16 Fetal effects of maternal infection 2678 ESSENTIALS The fetal effects of maternal infection...

14.17 Blood disorders in pregnancy 2687 ESSENTIALS Plasma volume increases by more during pregnan...

14.18 Malignant disease in pregnancy 2696 ESSENTIALS Cancer in pregnancy is rare, affecting less ...

14.19 Maternal critical care 2701 ESSENTIALS Critical illness during pregnancy or after giving bi...

14.2 Nutrition in pregnancy 2568 ESSENTIALS Nutritional requirements for healthy pregnancy vary a...

14.20 Prescribing in pregnancy 2706 ESSENTIALS Many clinicians feel uncertain about prescribing f...

14.21 Contraception for women with medical diseases 2711 ESSENTIALS All women with underlying med...

14.3 Medical management of normal pregnancy 2575 ESSENTIALS The global maternal mortality ratio f...

14.4 Hypertension in pregnancy 2583 ESSENTIALS High blood pressure (BP >140/​90 mm Hg) complicate...

14.5 Renal disease in pregnancy 2589 ESSENTIALS Pregnancy leads to extensive and complex physiolo...

14.6 Heart disease in pregnancy 2597 ESSENTIALS Pregnancy is a vasodilator state in which plasma ...

14.7 Thrombosis in pregnancy 2606 ESSENTIALS Pregnancy and the puerperium are associated with a 1...

14.8 Chest diseases in pregnancy 2613 ESSENTIALS Respiratory changes in pregnancy include an incr...

14.9 Liver and gastrointestinal diseases of pregnancy 2619 ESSENTIALS Liver diseases Pregnancy-​s...

15.1 Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract 2721 15.1 Structure and function of the...

15.10 Malabsorption 2875

15.10.1 Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorption 2875 15.10 Malabsorption CONTEN...

15.10.2 Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine 2879 15.10.2  Bacterial overgrowth of the sma...

15.10.3 Coeliac disease 2884 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 2884 15.10.3  Coeliac dise...

15.10.4 Gastrointestinal lymphomas 2892 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 2892 15.10.4  G...

15.10.5 Disaccharidase deficiency 2902 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 2902 FURTHER REA...

15.10.6 Whipple’s disease 2909 15.10.6  Whipple’s disease 2909 Swallow DM (2003). Genetics of lac...

15.10.7 Effects of massive bowel resection 2911 15.10.7  Effects of massive bowel resection 2911 ...

15.10.8 Malabsorption syndromes in the tropics 2916 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 291...

15.11 Crohn’s disease 2925 15.11 Crohn’s disease Miles Parkes and Tim Raine ESSENTIALS Crohn’s di...

15.12 Ulcerative colitis 2937 ESSENTIALS Ulcerative colitis is a chronic relapsing and remitting ...

15.13 Irritable bowel syndrome 2951 ESSENTIALS Symptoms suggestive of disturbed lower gastrointes...

15.14 Colonic diverticular disease 2960 ESSENTIALS Colonic diverticula are herniations of mucosa ...

15.15 Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract 2967 ESSENTIALS Congenital abnormali...

15.16 Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract 2977 ESSENTIALS Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract...

15.17 Vascular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract 2997 ESSENTIALS A wide range of vascular d...

15.18 Gastrointestinal infections 3008 ESSENTIALS Gastrointestinal infections, especially diarrho...

15.19 Miscellaneous disorders of the bowel 3025 ESSENTIALS A wide range of miscellaneous disorder...

15.2 Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease 2727 ESSENTIALS The skilful analysis of symptoms indica...

15.20 Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas 3032 ESSENTIALS Liver and ...

15.21 Pathobiology of chronic liver disease 3043 Wajahat Z. Mehal ESSENTIALS Chronic liver diseas...

15.22 Presentations and management of liver disease 3049

15.22.1 Investigation and management of jaundice 3049 CONTENTS 15.22.1 Investigation and managem...

15.22.2 Cirrhosis and ascites 3058 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3058 15.22.2  Cirrho...

15.22.3 Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding 3068 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders ...

15.22.4 Hepatic encephalopathy 3080 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3080 Fagundes C, Gi...

15.22.5 Liver failure 3089 15.22.5  Liver failure 3089 investigate novel sensitive and specific b...

15.22.6 Liver transplantation 3100 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3100 Other approache...

15.23 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease 3108

15.23.1 Hepatitis A to E 3108 CONTENTS 15.23.1 Hepatitis A to E  3108 Graeme J.M. Alexander and ...

15.23.2 Autoimmune hepatitis 3119 15.23.2  Autoimmune hepatitis 3119 level and decreased necroinf...

15.23.3 Primary biliary cholangitis 3127 15.23.3  Primary biliary cholangitis 3127 Acknowledgemen...

15.23.4 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 3135 15.23.4  Primary sclerosing cholangitis 3135 meet the...

15.24 Other liver diseases 3142

15.24.1 Alcoholic liver disease 3142 CONTENTS 15.24.1 Alcoholic liver disease  3142 Ewan Forrest...

15.24.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 3147 15.24.2  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 3147 rela...

15.24.3 Drug- induced liver disease 3155 15.24.3  Drug-induced liver disease 3155 Therapy Gawrieh...

15.24.4 Vascular disorders of the liver 3166 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3166 Padda...

15.24.5 The liver in systemic disease 3169 15.24.5  The liver in systemic disease 3169 with pain,...

15.24.6 Primary and secondary liver tumours 3178 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3178 G...

15.24.7 Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood 3191 15.24.7  Liver and biliary disea...

15.25 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree 3196 ESSENTIALS Diseases of the gallbladder an...

15.26 Diseases of the pancreas 3209

15.26.1 Acute pancreatitis 3209 CONTENTS 15.26.1 Acute pancreatitis  3209 R. Carter, Euan J. Dic...

15.26.2 Chronic pancreatitis 3218 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 3218 Specific complic...

15.26.3 Tumours of the pancreas 3227 15.26.3  Tumours of the pancreas 3227 plastic stents. Severa...

15.3 Methods for investigation of gastroenterological disease 2734

15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy 2734 CONTENTS 15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigm...

15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 2740 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 2740 assur...

15.3.3 Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract 2748 section 15  Gastroenterological disorders 274...

15.3.4 Investigation of gastrointestinal function 2757 15.3.4  Investigation of gastrointestinal ...

15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations 2765

15.4.1 The acute abdomen 2765 CONTENTS 15.4.1 The acute abdomen  2765 Simon J.A. Buczacki and R....

15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding 2771 15.4.2  Gastrointestinal bleeding 2771 15.4.2  Gastrointest...

15.5 Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract 2783 ESSENTIALS Immune homeostasis in the gut...

15.6 The mouth and salivary glands 2797 ESSENTIALS Many systemic diseases are associated with ora...

15.7 Diseases of the oesophagus 2828 ESSENTIALS Defective conduit function of the oesophagus read...

15.8 Peptic ulcer disease 2849 ESSENTIALS Helicobacter pylori infection, use of nonsteroidal anti...

15.9 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract 2862

15.9.1 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract 2862 CONTENTS 15.9.1 Hormones and the gastrointes...

15.9.2 Carcinoid syndrome 2870 SECTION 15  Gastroenterological disorders 2870 Ramos-​Álvarez I, e...

Contents Contents Volume 1 List of abbreviations  xxxv List of contributors  xlv SECTION 1 Patien...

Contributors Contributors Peter Aaby Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-​Biss...

Copyright 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a ...

Foreword Foreword Professor Sir John Bell, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford In ...

List of abbreviations xxxv Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic a...

Oxford Textbook of Medicine- Volume 3, 6e (May 6, 2020)(0198746695)(Oxford University Press)

Oxford Textbook of Medicine 1 Oxford Textbook of Medicine SIXTH EDITION Volume 3: Sections 16–21 ...

Preface Preface Changes in medicine The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is published online and has b...

cover 2 ONLY FOR SALE IN INDIA, BANGLADESH, SRI LANKA, NEPAL, BHUTAN, AND MYANMAR AND NOT FOR EXP...

16.1 Structure and function 3241 16.1.1 Blood vessels and the endothelium 3241 Keith Channon and ...

16.1.2 Cardiac physiology 3253 Rhys D. Evans, Kenneth T. MacLeod, Steven B. Marston, Nicholas J. ...

16.10 Tumours of the heart 3544 Thomas A. Traill ESSENTIALS Cardiac myxoma Cardiac myxomas are ra...

16.12 Congenital heart disease in the adult 3559 S.A. Thorne ESSENTIALS Adults with congenital he...

16.13 Coronary heart disease 3596 16.13.1 Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis 3596 Robin P. ...

16.13.2 Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology and prevention 3603 Goodarz Danaei and Kazem Rahimi ...

16.13.3 Management of stable angina 3616 Adam D. Timmis section 16  Cardiovascular disorders 3616...

16.13.5 Percutaneous interventional cardiac procedures 3655 Edward D. Folland 16.13.5  Percutaneo...

16.14 Diseases of the arteries 3674 16.14.1 Acute aortic syndromes 3674 James D. Newton, Andrew R...

16.14.2 Peripheral arterial disease 3680 Janet Powell and Alun Davies section 16  Cardiovascular ...

16.14.3 Cholesterol embolism 3688 Christopher Dudley section 16  Cardiovascular disorders 3688 Fi...

16.15 The pulmonary circulation 3691 16.15.1 Structure and function of the pulmonary circulation ...

16.15.2 Pulmonary hypertension 3695 Nicholas W. Morrell 16.15.2  Pulmonary hypertension 3695 FURT...

16.16 Venous thromboembolism 3711 16.16.1 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 3711 Paul...

16.16.2 Therapeutic anticoagulation 3729 David Keeling 16.16.2  Therapeutic anticoagulation 3729 ...

16.17 Hypertension 3735 16.17.1 Essential hypertension: Definition, epidemiology, and pathophysio...

16.17.2 Essential hypertension: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment 3753 Bryan Williams and John...

16.17.3 Secondary hypertension 3778 Morris J. Brown and Fraz A. Mir section 16  Cardiovascular di...

16.17.4 Mendelian disorders causing hypertension 3796 Nilesh J. Samani and Maciej Tomaszewski sec...

16.17.5 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies 3800 Gregory Y.H. Lip and Alena Shantsila section ...

16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease 3276 16.2.1 Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue 3...

16.2.2 Syncope and palpitation 3284 K. Rajappan, A.C. Rankin, A.D. McGavigan, and S.M. Cobbe sect...

16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders 3294 16.3.1 Electrocardiography 3294 Andrew R. H...

16.4 Cardiac arrhythmias 3350 Matthew R. Ginks, D.A. Lane, A.D. McGavigan, and Gregory Y.H. Lip E...

16.5.2 Acute cardiac failure: Definitions, investigation, management 3397 Andrew L. Clark and Joh...

16.5.3 Chronic heart failure: Definitions, investigation, and management 3407 John G.F. Cleland a...

16.5.4 Cardiorenal syndrome 3421 Darren Green and Philip A. Kalra 16.5.4  Cardiorenal syndrome 34...

16.5.5 Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support 3428 Jayan Parameshwar and Stev...

16.6 Valvular heart disease 3436 Michael Henein ESSENTIALS Rheumatic valve disease remains preval...

16.7 Diseases of heart muscle 3459 16.7.1 Myocarditis 3459 Jay W. Mason and Heinz- Peter Schulthe...

16.8 Pericardial disease 3501 Michael Henein ESSENTIALS The most common clinical presentations of...

16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease 3509

16.9.2 Endocarditis 3519 James L. Harrison, John L. Klein, William A. Littler, and Bernard D. Pre...

16.9.3 Cardiac disease in HIV infection 3534 Peter F. Currie section 16  Cardiovascular disorders...

16.9.4 Cardiovascular syphilis 3539 Krishna Somers 16.9.4  Cardiovascular syphilis 3539 16.9.4  C...

Adam D. Timmis 16.13.4 Management of acute coronary syndrome 3626 Rajesh K. Kharbanda and Keith A...

Andrew R. Houghton and David Gray 16.3.2 Echocardiography 3314 James D. Newton, Adrian P. Banning...

Andrew R.J. Mitchell 16.3.3 Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CT 3326 Nikant Sabharwal, A...

Cardiac failure 3390 16.5.1 Epidemiology and general pathophysiological classification of heart f...

Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema 3811 Peter S. Mortimer ESSENTIALS Lymph transport, not ...

Edward D. Folland 16.13.6 Coronary artery bypass and valve surgery 3666 Rana Sayeed and David Tag...

Jay W. Mason and Heinz- Peter Schultheiss 16.7.2 The cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, dilated, res...

Nikant Sabharwal, Andrew Kelion, Theodoros Karamitos, and Stefan Neubauer 16.3.4 Cardiac catheter...

Oliver P. Guttmann and Perry Elliott 16.7.3 Specifific heart muscle disorders 3489 Oliver P. Gutt...

Peter S. Mortimer 16.19 Idiopathic oedema of women 3823 John D. Firth ESSENTIALS Idiopathic oedem...

Thomas A. Traill 16.11 Cardiac involvement in genetic disease 3551 Thomas A. Traill ESSENTIALS Ma...

disease 3509 16.9.1 Acute rheumatic fever 3509 Jonathan R. Carapetis 16.9 Cardiac involvement in ...

17.1 The seriously ill or deteriorating patient 3829 Carole Foot and Liz Hickson ESSENTIALS The f...

17.10 Palliative and end- of- life care in the ICU 3914 Phillip D. Levin and Charles L. Sprung ES...

17.11 Diagnosis of death and organ donation 3918 Paul Murphy ESSENTIALS Death is the permanent lo...

17.12 Persistent problems and recovery after critical illness 3925 Mark E. Mikkelsen and Theodore...

17.2 Cardiac arrest 3839 Gavin D. Perkins, Jasmeet Soar, Jerry P. Nolan, and David A. Gabbott ESS...

17.3 Anaphylaxis 3849 Anthony F.T. Brown ESSENTIALS The term anaphylaxis describes both IgE immun...

17.4 Assessing and preparing patients with medical conditions for major surgery 3860 Tom Abbott a...

17.5 Acute respiratory failure 3867 Susannah Leaver, Jeremy Cordingley, Simon Finney, and Mark Gr...

17.6 Circulation and circulatory support in the critically ill 3881 Michael R. Pinsky ESSENTIALS ...

17.7 Management of raised intracranial pressure 3892 David K. Menon ESSENTIALS Normal intracrania...

17.8 Sedation and analgesia in the ICU 3898 Michael C. Reade ESSENTIALS Patients undergoing mecha...

chronic critical illness 3906 Eva Boonen and Greet Van den Berghe ESSENTIALS Critical illness, an...

18.1 Structure and function 3933 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract 3933 Pallav L. Shah, J.R. Str...

18.1.2 Airways and alveoli 3937 Peter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah 18.1.2  Airways and alveoli 39...

18.10 Cystic fibrosis 4151 Andrew Bush and Caroline Elston ESSENTIALS Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a r...

18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases 4166 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introdu...

18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 4177 P.L. Molyneaux, A.G. Nicholson, N. Hirani, and A.U. We...

18.11.3 Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia 4185 Vasilis Kouranos and A...

18.11.4 The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders 4191 M.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells 18.11.4  The l...

18.12 Sarcoidosis 4208 Robert P. Baughman and Elyse E. Lower ESSENTIALS Sarcoidosis is a disease ...

18.13 Pneumoconioses 4219 P.T. Reid ESSENTIALS Pneumoconiosis describes the pathological reaction...

18.14 Miscellaneous conditions 4235 18.14.1 Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage 4235 S.J. Bourke and G.P...

18.14.10 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis 4265 S.J. Bourke 18.14.10  Pulmonary alveolar microlit...

18.14.11 Toxic gases and aerosols 4267 Chris Stenton 18.14.11  Toxic gases and aerosols 4267 have...

18.14.12 Radiation pneumonitis 4271 S.J. Bourke 18.14.12  Radiation pneumonitis 4271 in the early...

18.14.13 Drug- induced lung disease 4272 S.J. Bourke section 18  Respiratory disorders 4272 Sympt...

18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumonia 4238 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett section 18  Respiratory disorde...

18.14.3 Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung 4241 S.J. Bourke 18.14.3  Lymphocytic infiltrations...

18.14.4 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4244 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett section 18  Respiratory d...

18.14.5 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis 4256 S.J. Bourke section 18  Respiratory disorde...

18.14.6 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 4257 S.J. Bourke 18.14.6  Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 4257 Investig...

18.14.7 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 4259 S.J. Bourke 18.14.7  Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 4...

18.14.8 Pulmonary amyloidosis 4261 S.J. Bourke Contents xxvi 18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung dise...

18.14.9 Lipoid (lipid) pneumonia 4263 S.J. Bourke 18.14.9  Lipoid (lipid) pneumonia 4263 Other ma...

18.15 Chronic respiratory failure 4282 Michael I. Polkey and P.M.A. Calverley ESSENTIALS Chronic ...

18.16 Lung transplantation 4292 P. Hopkins and A.J. Fisher ESSENTIALS Lung transplantation offers...

18.17 Pleural diseases 4305 D. de Fonseka, Y.C. Gary Lee, and N.A. Maskell ESSENTIALS Pleural eff...

18.18 Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragm 4328 John M. Shneerson and Michael I. Polkey E...

18.19 Malignant diseases 4338 18.19.1 Lung cancer 4338 S.G. Spiro and N. Navani CONTENTS 18.19.1 ...

18.19.2 Pulmonary metastases 4360 S.G. Spiro section 18  Respiratory disorders 4360 18.19.2  Pulm...

18.19.3 Pleural tumours 4361 Y.C. Gary Lee 18.19.3  Pleural tumours 4361 Suzuki H, et al. (2015)....

18.19.4 Mediastinal tumours and cysts 4368 Y.C. Gary Lee and Helen E. Davies section 18  Respirat...

18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders 3956

18.3.1 Respiratory function tests 3956 G.J. Gibson 18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory dis...

18.3.2 Thoracic imaging 3970 Susan J. Copley and David M. Hansell section 18  Respiratory disorde...

18.3.3 Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and tissue biopsy 3992 Pallav L. Shah section 18  Respiratory ...

18.4 Respiratory infection 4004 18.4.1 Upper respiratory tract infections 4004 P. Little CONTENTS...

18.4.2 Pneumonia in the normal host 4008 Wei Shen Lim section 18  Respiratory disorders 4008 rand...

18.4.3 Nosocomial pneumonia 4022 Wei Shen Lim section 18  Respiratory disorders 4022 FURTHER READ...

18.4.4 Mycobacteria 4026 Hannah Jarvis and Onn Min Kon section 18  Respiratory disorders 4026 Col...

18.4.5 Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 4031 Julia Choy and Anton Pozniak 18.4.5  Pulmona...

18.5 The upper respiratory tract 4040 18.5.1 Upper airway obstruction 4040 James H. Hull and Matt...

18.5.2 Sleep- related breathing disorders 4048 Mary J. Morrell, Julia Kelly, Alison McMillan, and...

18.6 Allergic rhinitis 4059 Stephen R. Durham and Hesham A. Saleh ESSENTIALS Allergic rhinitis af...

18.7 Asthma 4067 Alexandra Nanzer- Kelly, Paul Cullinan, and Andrew Menzies- Gow ESSENTIALS Asthm...

18.8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 4098 Nicholas S. Hopkinson ESSENTIALS Definition Chron...

18.9 Bronchiectasis 4142 R. Wilson and D. Bilton ESSENTIALS A bronchiectatic lung contains perman...

M.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells 18.11.5 The lung in vasculitis 4200 G.A. Margaritopoulos and A.U. Well...

Peter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah 18.2 The clinical presentation of respiratory disease 3947 Sam...

19.1 Joints and connective tissue— structure and function 4379 Thomas Pap, Adelheid Korb- Pap, Ch...

19.10 Crystal- related arthropathies 4482 Edward Roddy and Michael Doherty ESSENTIALS Many crysta...

19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides 4495

19.11.1 Introduction 4495 David A. Isenberg and Ian Giles CONTENTS 19.11.1 Introduction   4495 D...

19.11.10 Behçet’s syndrome 4579 Sebahattin Yurdakul, Izzet Fresko, and 19.11.10  Behçet’s syndrom...

19.11.11 Polymyalgia rheumatica 4584 Bhaskar Dasgupta and Eric L. Matteson section 19  Rheumatolo...

19.11.12 Kawasaki disease 4590 Brian W. McCrindle section 19  Rheumatological disorders 4590 Ghos...

19.11.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders 4499 Anisur Rahman and David A. Isenbe...

19.11.3 Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) 4513 Christopher P. Denton and Carol M. Black 19.11.3  S...

19.11.4 Sjögren’s syndrome 4532 Wan- Fai Ng section 19  Rheumatological disorders 4532 Goh NS, et...

19.11.5 Inflammatory myopathies 4537 Ingrid E. Lundberg, Hector Chinoy, and Robert Cooper 19.11.5...

19.11.6 Large vessel vasculitis 4546 Raashid Luqmani and Cristina Ponte section 19  Rheumatologic...

19.11.7 ANCA- associated vasculitis 4556 David Jayne section 19  Rheumatological disorders 4556 F...

19.11.8 Polyarteritis nodosa 4569 Loïc Guillevin 19.11.8  Polyarteritis nodosa 4569 Groh M, et al...

19.11.9 Small vessel vasculitis 4573 Richard A. Watts 19.9  Osteoarthritis 4473 Epidemiology and ...

19.12 Miscellaneous conditions presenting to rheumatologist 4598

19.2 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatological disorders 4386 Christopher Deighton a...

19.3 Clinical investigation 4395 Michael Doherty and Peter C. Lanyon ESSENTIALS Laboratory and im...

19.4 Back pain and regional disorders 4406 Carlo Ammendolia and Danielle Southerst ESSENTIALS Low...

19.5 Rheumatoid arthritis 4415 Kenneth F. Baker and John D. Isaacs ESSENTIALS Rheumatoid arthriti...

19.6 Spondyloarthritis and related conditions 4441 Jürgen Braun and Joachim Sieper ESSENTIALS The...

19.7 Infection and arthritis 4457 Graham Raftery and Muddassir Shaikh ESSENTIALS Bacterial causes...

19.8 Reactive arthritis 4464 Carmel B. Stober and Hill Gaston ESSENTIALS Reactive arthritis a sub...

19.9 Osteoarthritis 4470 Andrew J. Barr and Philip G. Conaghan ESSENTIALS Clinical osteoarthritis...

2.1 Science in medicine: When, how, and what 33 ESSENTIALS Science has always been part of Wester...

2.10 Medicine quality, physicians, and patients 124 ESSENTIALS Poor-​quality medicines negate the...

2.11 Preventive medicine 127 ESSENTIALS Causes of death Most deaths before age 80  years are prev...

2.12 Medical screening 137 ESSENTIALS Medical screening is the systematic application of a test o...

2.13 Health promotion 152 ESSENTIALS The ‘Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion’ (1986) remains a b...

2.14 Deprivation and health 157 ESSENTIALS The health of an individual is influenced by the circu...

2.15 How much should rich countries’ governments spend on healthcare? 161 ESSENTIALS The argument...

2.16 Financing healthcare in low- income developing countries: A challenge for equity in health 1...

2.17 Research in the developed world 177 ESSENTIALS The entire health system seeks to prevent dis...

2.18 Fostering medical and health research in resource- constrained countries 181 ESSENTIALS Acce...

2.19 Regulation versus innovation in medicine 185 ESSENTIALS Two tragedies created drug regulator...

2.2 Evolution: Medicine’s most basic science 39 ESSENTIALS The role of evolutionary biology as a ...

2.20 Human disasters 188 ESSENTIALS Human disasters, as massive misfortunes long recorded over hi...

2.21 Humanitarian medicine 193 ESSENTIALS Humanitarian medicine addresses the human consequence o...

2.22 Complementary and alternative medicine 201 ESSENTIALS Complementary and alternative medicine...

2.3 The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populations 43 ESSENTIALS To make the b...

2.4 Large- scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta- analyses of trials 51 ESSENTIALS Reliable ...

2.5 Bioinformatics 67 ESSENTIALS Bioinformatics may be defined as ‘conceptualizing biology in ter...

2.6 Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy 71 ESSENTIALS In its widest sense a drug...

2.7 Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases 100 ESSENTIALS Therapeut...

2.8 Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine 108 ESSENTIALS Traditional (...

2.9 Engaging patients in therapeutic development 118 ESSENTIALS Engagement of patients during the...

20.1 Skeletal disorders— general approach and conditions 4615 ESSENTIALS Bone is made up of (1) c...

20.3 Osteomyelitis 4688 ESSENTIALS Bacteria can penetrate bone from a contiguous focus of infecti...

20.4 Osteoporosis 4696 Nicholas C. Harvey, Juliet Compston, and ESSENTIALS Osteoporosis is charac...

20.6 Bone cancer 4709 Helen Hatcher ESSENTIALS Benign bone tumours are common, usually asymptomat...

Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers– Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, and pseudoxan...

Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecans 4703 ESSENTIALS Osteonecrosis Osteo...

21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus andthe kidney

21.10.10 Atherosclerotic renovascular disease 5044 Philip A. Kalra and Diana Vassallo

21.10.2 The kidney in systemic vasculitis 4988 David Jayne

21.10.3 The kidney in rheumatological disorders 5001 Liz Lightstone and Hannah Beckwith 21.10.3  ...

21.10.4 The kidney in sarcoidosis 5012 Ingeborg Hilderson and Jan Donck

21.10.6 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome 5027 Edwin K.S. Wong and David Kavanagh 21.10.6  Haemolytic u...

21.10.7 Sickle cell disease and the kidney 5032 Claire C. Sharpe section 21  Disorders of the kid...

21.10.8 Infection- associated nephropathies 5034 A. Neil Turner section 21  Disorders of the kidn...

21.10.9 Malignancy- associated renal disease 5041 21.10.9  Malignancy-associated renal disease 50...

21.10The kidney in systemic disease

21.13 Urinary tract infection 5074 Charles Tomson and Neil Sheerin

21.15 The renal tubular acidoses 5104 John A. Sayer and Fiona E. Karet

21.2 Electrolyte disorders 4729 21.2.1 Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis Michael L. Morit...

21.2.2 Disorders of potassium homeostasis 4748 John D. Firth CONTENTS 21.2.1 Disorders of water ...

21.3 Clinical presentation of renal disease 4764 Richard E. Fielding and Ken Farrington ESSENTIAL...

21.4 Clinical investigation of renal disease 4781 Andrew Davenport ESSENTIALS An accurate history...

21.5 Acute kidney injury 4807 John D. Firth ESSENTIALS Definition—​for practical clinical purpose...

21.6 Chronic kidney disease 4830 Alastair Hutchison ESSENTIALS Definition Chronic kidney disease ...

21.7 Renal replacement therapy 4861 21.7.1 Haemodialysis 4861 CONTENTS 21.7.1 Haemodialysis  486...

21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysis 4874 Simon Davies section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary trac...

21.7.3 Renal transplantation 4879 Nicholas Torpey and John D. Firth 21.7.3  Renal transplantation...

21.8 Glomerular diseases 4909 21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP) 4909 C...

21.8.3 Minimal- change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 4919 Moin Saleem and Li...

21.8.4 Membranous nephropathy 4928 An S. De Vriese and Fernando C. Fervenza section 21  Disorders...

21.8.5 Proliferative glomerulonephritis 4933 Alan D. Salama and Mark A. Little 21.8.5  Proliferat...

21.8.6 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 4937 Tabitha Turner- Stokes and Mark A. Little 21...

21.8.7 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease 4943 Mårten Segelmark and Thomas Hellmark 21.8.7 ...

21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases 4951 21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis 4951 Simon D. Roger CON...

21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis 4956 Marc E. De Broe, Channa Yamasumana, Patrick C. D...

A multiple risk factor approach

AAV with anti- GBM disease

ANCA and complement 21.10.2  The kidney in systemic vasculitis 4989 renal histology. It is a less...

ANCA- associated vasculitis

Aetiology and pathology—

Aetiology, genetics, pathogenesis,and pathology

Aetiology

Areas of uncertainty or controversy 21.10.1  Diabetes mellitus and the kidney 4985 surveillance a...

Blood pressure control 21.10.1  Diabetes mellitus and the kidney 4981 of moderately increased alb...

Blood pressure

Box 21.10.1.1 Aetiopathological factors for nephropathy

Box 21.10.1.2 Clinical features suggestive of nondiabeticrenal disease 21.10.1  Diabetes mellitus...

Box 21.10.2.1 Clinical features that should raise suspicionof vasculitis

Contents Contents Volume 1 List of abbreviations  xxxv List of contributors  xlv SECTION 1 Patien...

Clinical features

Clinical features—

Clinical investigation

Copyright 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a ...

Criteria for diagnosis

Disease associations

Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis 5093 Christopher Pugh, ...

Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling Nine V.A.M. Knoers and Elena N. Levtchenko

Do drugs that block the renin– angiotensin systemprevent or only delay the development of nephrop...

Drugs and the kidney 5150 Aine Burns and Caroline Ashley ESSENTIALS Musculoskeletal symptoms can ...

ESSENTIALS section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 5012 Systemic sclerosis DeMarco ...

Environment and drugs

Epidemiology

FURTHER READING section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4986 be made with some conf...

Fig. 21.10.1.1 Schematic of a glomerulus. In diabetes, there is relativeafferent arteriolar dilat...

Fig. 21.10.1.2 (a) Glomerulus from patient with type 1 diabetes andseverely increased albuminuria...

Fig. 21.10.1.4 Annual transition rates and 95% confidence interval through stages of nephropathy ...

Fig. 21.10.2.1 Glomerular histology of ANCA- associated vasculitis. (a) A glomerulus showing foca...

Fig. 21.10.2.2 Magnetic resonance angiogram demonstrating bilateralrenal artery stenosis (arrows)...

Foreword Foreword Professor Sir John Bell, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford In ...

GFR

Genetics

Glycaemic control and blood pressure

Glycaemic control

Granulomata section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4990 Experimental studies have ...

Growth factors

Haemodynamic factors

Half title Oxford Textbook of Medicine

Hyperglycaemia

IgA vasculitis (Henoch– Schönlein purpura)

Introduction section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4988 21.10.2  The kidney in sy...

Investigation

Jonathan Barratt and John Feehally 21.8.2 Thin membrane nephropathy 4918 Peter Topham and John Fe...

Likely developments in the near future

List of abbreviations xxxv Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic a...

Malignant diseases of the urinary tract 5136 Tim Eisen, Freddie C. Hamdy, and Robert A. Huddart

Mechanical and structural factors 21.10.1  Diabetes mellitus and the kidney 4977 type 1 diabetes,...

Nonrenal outcomes

Other aspects section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4984 Criteria for diagnosis D...

Oxford Textbook of Medicine- Volume 4, 6e (May 6, 2020)(0198746695)(Oxford University Press)

Pathology and pathogenesis

Pathology

Perface Preface Changes in medicine The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is published online and has b...

Polyarteritis nodosa

Prevention

Prevention— CONTENTS 21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus and the kidney  4975 Rudolf Bilous 21.10.2 The k...

Prognosis

Renal diseases in the tropics 5049 Vivekanand Jha

Renal involvement in genetic disease 5065 D. Joly and J.P. Grünfeld

Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin- based amyloidoses, and fibrillary gl...

Role of infection

Serology 21.10.2  The kidney in systemic vasculitis 4993 Investigation There are no diagnostic cr...

Staging and natural history—

Structure and function of the kidney 4717 Steve Harper and Robert Unwin ESSENTIALS The kidneys ar...

Table 21.10.1.1 Levels of proteinuria, albuminuria, and albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) that defin...

Table 21.10.1.2 Natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetesa section 21  Disorders of the k...

Table 21.10.1.3 Comparison of intensive versus conventional therapy in the prevention of moderate...

Table 21.10.1.4 Cross- tabulation of latest classification of chronic kidney disease and historic...

Table 21.10.2.1 The classification of primary systemic vasculitis, updated in the 2012 Chapel Hil...

Table 21.10.2.2 Classification of rapidly progressiveglomerulonephritis according to renal immuno...

Takayasu’s arteritis

Tertiary prevention

Title 1 Oxford Textbook of Medicine SIXTH EDITION Volume 4: Sections 22–30 EDITED BY John D. Firt...

Treatment section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4994 The haemorrhagic risks of re...

UAER section 21  Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract 4982 increased albuminuria. Accurate d...

Urinary tract obstruction 5124 Muhammad M. Yaqoob and Kieran McCafferty

Why does intensive glycaemic control fail to completelyprevent development of moderately increase...

cover 2 ONLY FOR SALE IN INDIA, BANGLADESH, SRI LANKA, NEPAL, BHUTAN, AND MYANMAR AND NOT FOR EXP...

22.1 Introduction to haematology 5169 Chris Hatton ESSENTIALS Haematology is the study of the com...

22.2 Haematopoiesis 5172 22.2.1 Cellular and molecular basis of haematopoiesis 5172 Paresh Vyas a...

22.2.2 Diagnostic techniques in the assessment of haematological malignancies 5181 Wendy N. Erber...

22.3 Myeloid disease 5189 22.3.1 Granulocytes in health and disease 5189 Joseph Sinning and Nancy...

22.3.2 Myelodysplastic syndromes 5197 Charlotte K. Brierley and David P. Steensma 22.3.2  Myelody...

22.3.3 Acute myeloid leukaemia 5205 Nigel Russell and Alan Burnett 22.3.3  Acute myeloid leukaemi...

22.3.4 Chronic myeloid leukaemia 5213 Mhairi Copland and Tessa L. Holyoake† 22.3.4  Chronic myelo...

22.3.5 The polycythaemias 5227 Daniel Aruch and Ronald Hoffman 22.3.5  The polycythaemias 5227 La...

22.3.6 Thrombocytosis and essential thrombocythaemia 5239 Daniel Aruch and Ronald Hoffman 22.3.6 ...

22.3.7 Primary myelofibrosis 5247 Evan M. Braunstein and Jerry L. Spivak 22.3.7  Primary myelofib...

22.3.8 Eosinophilia 5254 Peter F. Weller SECTION 22  Haematological disorders 5254 22.3.8  Eosino...

22.3.9 Histiocytosis 5259 Chris Hatton 22.3.9  Histiocytosis 5259 22.3.9  Histiocytosis Chris Hat...

22.4 Lymphoid disease 5263 22.4.1 Introduction to lymphopoiesis 5263 Caron A. Jacobson and Nancy ...

22.4.2 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 5269 H. Josef Vormoor, Tobias F. Menne, and Anthony V. Moorm...

22.4.3 Hodgkin lymphoma 5280 Vijaya Raj Bhatt and James O. Armitage section 22  Haematological di...

22.4.4 Non- Hodgkin lymphoma 5288 Vijaya Raj Bhatt and James O. Armitage section 22  Haematologic...

22.4.5 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 5302 Clive S. Zent and Aaron Polliack section 22  Haematolog...

22.4.6 Plasma cell myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathies 5310 S. Vincent Rajkumar and Rober...

22.5 Bone marrow failure 5325 22.5.1 Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes 5325 Irene Roberts a...

22.5.2 Acquired aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasia 5336 Judith C.W. Marsh, Shreyans Gandh...

22.5.3 Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria 5348 Lucio Luzzatto section 22  Haematological disord...

22.6 Erythroid disorders 5354 22.6.1 Erythropoiesis 5354 Vijay G. Sankaran CONTENTS 22.6.1 Eryth...

22.6.10 Erythrocyte enzymopathies 5463 Alberto Zanella and Paola Bianchi 22.6.10  Erythrocyte enz...

22.6.11 Glucose- 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 5472 Lucio Luzzatto section 22  Haematolog...

22.6.12 Acquired haemolytic anaemia 5479 Amy Powers and Leslie Silberstein 22.6.12  Acquired haem...

22.6.2 Anaemia: pathophysiology, classification, and clinical features 5359 David J. Weatherall† ...

22.6.3 Anaemia as a challenge to world health 5366 David J. Roberts and David J. Weatherall† sect...

22.6.4 Iron metabolism and its disorders 5371 Timothy M. Cox and John B. Porter 22.6.4  Iron meta...

22.6.5 Anaemia of inflammation 5402 Sant- Rayn Pasricha and Hal Drakesmith section 22  Haematolog...

22.6.6 Megaloblastic anaemia and miscellaneous deficiency anaemias 5407 A.V. Hoffbrand 22.6.6  Me...

22.6.7 Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin 5426 Deborah Hay and David J. Weathe...

22.6.8 Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cells 5450 Stephen J. Fuller and James...

22.6.9 Disorders of the red cell membrane 5456 Patrick G. Gallagher section 22  Haematological di...

22.7 Haemostasis 5490 22.7.1 The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis 5490 Gilbert C. White, II,...

22.7.2 Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendency 5509 Trevor Baglin 22.7.2  Evaluation o...

22.7.3 Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function 5520 Nicola Curry and Susie Shapiro

22.7.4 Genetic disorders of coagulation 5532 Eleanor S. Pollak and Katherine A. High section 22  ...

22.7.5 Acquired coagulation disorders 5546 T.E. Warkentin section 22  Haematological disorders 55...

22.8.2 Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation 5579 E.C. Gordon- Smith and Emma C. Morris 22.8.2  ...

ESSENTIALS section 22  Haematological disorders 5520 and often mild, as compared with thrombocyto...

Transfusion and transplantation 5563 22.8.1 Blood transfusion 5563 D.S. Giovanniello and E.L. Sny...

23.1 Structure and function of skin 5591 John A. McGrath ESSENTIALS Skin provides a mechanical an...

23.10 Infections of the skin 5695 Roderick J. Hay ESSENTIALS A huge variety of different organism...

23.11 Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders 5699 Alison M. Layton ESSENTIALS Cutaneous glands in hu...

23.12 Blood and lymphatic vessel disorders 5709 Peter S. Mortimer and Roderick J. Hay ESSENTIALS ...

23.13 Hair and nail disorders 5724 David de Berker ESSENTIALS Nails grow continuously throughout ...

23.14 Tumours of the skin 5732 Edel O’Toole ESSENTIALS A variety of tumours, both benign and mali...

23.15 Skin and systemic diseases 5743 Clive B. Archer and Charles M.G. Archer ESSENTIALS Dermatol...

23.16 Cutaneous reactions to drugs 5752 Sarah Walsh, Daniel Creamer, and Haur Yueh Lee ESSENTIALS...

23.17 Management of skin disease 5761 Rod Sinclair ESSENTIALS Topical therapy employs a vehicle (...

23.2 Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease 5596 Vanessa Venning ESSENTIALS As in mos...

23.3 Inherited skin disease 5602 Thiviyani Maruthappu and David P. Kelsell ESSENTIALS Considerabl...

23.5 Papulosquamous disease 5621 Christopher E.M. Griffiths ESSENTIALS Papulosquamous diseases ar...

23.6 Dermatitis/ eczema 5630 Peter S. Friedmann, Michael J. Arden- Jones, and Roderick J. Hay ESS...

23.7 Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria 5639 Volha Shpadaruk and Kar...

23.8 Disorders of pigmentation 5677 Eugene Healy ESSENTIALS Normal human skin colour results from...

23.9 Photosensitivity 5688 Hiva Fassihi and Jane McGregor ESSENTIALS Normal human skin is photose...

Bullous pemphigoid ESSENTIALS Autoimmune bullous diseases of the skin are a heterogenous group of...

ESSENTIALS

Introduction

Subepidermal diseases

Table 23.4.1 Immunopathological characteristics of main autoimmune bullous diseases 23.4  Autoimm...

Thiviyani Maruthappu and David P. Kelsell 23.4 Autoimmune bullous diseases 5612 Kathy Taghipour a...

24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system 6010 24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascul...

24.10.2 Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system 6026 Alasdair Coles and Siddharthan...

24.10.3 Traumatic brain injury 6042 Tim Lawrence and Laurence Watkins section 24  Neurological di...

24.10.4 Intracranial tumours 6048 Jeremy Rees section 24  Neurological disorders 6048 24.10.4  In...

24.10.5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 6054 Alexandra Sinclair section 24  Neurological dis...

24.11 Infections of the central nervous system 6060 24.11.1 Bacterial infections 6060 Diederik va...

24.11.2 Viral infections 6082 Fiona McGill, Jeremy Farrar, Bridget Wills, Menno De Jong, David A....

24.11.3 Intracranial abscesses 6097 Tim Lawrence and Richard S.C. Kerr 24.11.3  Intracranial absc...

24.11.4 Neurosyphilis and neuro- AIDS 6100 Hadi Manji section 24  Neurological disorders 6100 Lo...

24.11.5 Human prion diseases 6109 Simon Mead and R.G. Will 24.11.5  Human prion diseases 6109 Sto...

24.12 Disorders of cranial nerves 6120 Robert D.M. Hadden ESSENTIALS The 12 cranial nerves are pe...

24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord 6127 24.13.1 Diseases of the spinal cord 6127 Anu Jacob and An...

24.13.2 Spinal cord injury and its management 6135 Wagih El Masri(y) and Michael Barnes 24.13.2  ...

24.14 Diseases of the autonomic nervous system 6150 Christopher J. Mathias and David A. Low ESSEN...

24.15 The motor neuron diseases 6166 Tom Jenkins, Alice Brockington, and Pamela J. Shaw ESSENTIAL...

24.16 Diseases of the peripheral nerves 6176 Robert D.M. Hadden ESSENTIALS Disorders of periphera...

24.17 Inherited neurodegenerative diseases 6197 Swati Sathe ESSENTIALS Many disorders of the nerv...

24.18 Disorders of the neuromuscular junction 6295 David Hilton- Jones and Jacqueline Palace ESSE...

24.19 Disorders of muscle 6304 24.19.1 Structure and function of muscle 6304 Michael G. Hanna and...

24.19.2 Muscular dystrophy 6310 Kate Bushby and Chiara Marini- Bettolo section 24  Neurological d...

24.19.3 Myotonia 6328 David Hilton- Jones section 24  Neurological disorders 6328 entering clinic...

24.19.5 Mitochondrial disease 6343 Patrick F. Chinnery and D.M. Turnbull 24.19.5  Mitochondrial d...

24.2 Mind and brain: Building bridges between neurology, psychiatry, and psychology 5778 Adam Zem...

24.21 Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system 6368 Neil Scolding ESSENTIALS Many syst...

24.23 Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes 6384 Jeremy Rees ESSENTIALS Paraneoplastic neurologic...

24.24 Autoimmune encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome 6393 Camilla Buckley and Angela Vincent ESSEN...

24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease 5781 24.3.1 Lumbar puncture 5781 R. Rhys Davi...

24.3.1 Lumbar puncture

24.3.2 Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems 5785 Christian Krarup

24.3.3 Imaging in neurological diseases 5802 Andrew J. Molyneux, Shelley Renowden, and Marcus Bra...

24.3.4 Investigation of central motor pathways: Magnetic brain stimulation 5817 K.R. Mills 24.3.4...

24.4 Higher cerebral function 5821 24.4.1 Disturbances of higher cerebral function 5821 Peter J. ...

24.4.2 Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias 5830 Jonathan M. Schott SECTION 24  Neurological d...

24.5.2 Narcolepsy 5882 Matthew C. Walker section 24  Neurological disorders 5882 Meador KJ, et al...

24.5.3 Sleep disorders 5886 Paul J. Reading section 24  Neurological disorders 5886 of narcolepsy...

24.5.4 Syncope 5896 Andrew J. Larner section 24  Neurological disorders 5896 FURTHER READING Amer...

24.5.5 The unconscious patient 5901 David Bates 24.5.5  The unconscious patient 5901 of mortality...

24.5.6 Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousness 5908 Ari Ercole, Peter J. Hutchin...

24.6 Disorders of the special senses 5913 24.6.1 Visual pathways 5913 Sara Ajina and Christopher ...

24.6.2 Eye movements and balance 5922 Michael Strupp and Thomas Brandt section 24  Neurological d...

24.6.3 Hearing loss 5931 Linda Luxon

24.7 Disorders of movement 5937 24.7.1 Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and...

24.7.2 Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases 5946 Elisaveta Sokolov, Vinod K. Metta, and...

24.7.3 Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease 5956 Bettina Balint and Kailash Bhatia s...

24.7.4 Ataxic disorders 5976 Nicholas Wood section 24  Neurological disorders 5976 Rippling muscl...

24.8 Headache 5987 Peter J. Goadsby ESSENTIALS Headache is among the most common of human maladie...

24.9 Brainstem syndromes 6006 David Bates ESSENTIALS Brainstem syndromes typically cause ipsilate...

CONTENTS

David Hilton- Jones 24.19.4 Metabolic and endocrine disorders 6334 David Hilton- Jones and Richar...

ESSENTIALS SECTION 24  Neurological disorders 5802 Neuromuscular transmission disorders Myastheni...

Indications CONTENTS 24.3.1 Lumbar puncture  5781 R. Rhys Davies and Andrew J. Larner 24.3.2 El...

Introduction

Jonathan M. Schott 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness 5860 24.5.1 Epilepsy in later chi...

Neurological complications of systemic disease 6376 Neil Scolding ESSENTIALS Primary neuroimmunol...

Patrick F. Chinnery and D.M. Turnbull Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system 6...

25.1 The eye in general medicine 6399 Tasanee Braithwaite, Richard W.J. Lee, and Peng T. Khaw ESS...

26.1 General introduction 6445 Michael Sharpe ESSENTIALS All physicians experience situations in ...

26.2 The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient 6447 Jane Walker, Roger Smyth, and Michael...

26.3 Common psychiatric presentations in medical patients 6454 26.3.1 Confusion 6454 Bart Sheehan...

26.3.2 Self- harm 6457 Kate E.A. Saunders and Keith Hawton 26.3.2  Self-harm 6457 26.3.2  Self-​h...

26.3.3 Medically unexplained symptoms 6460 Michael Sharpe section 26  Psychiatric and drug-relate...

26.3.4 Low mood 6462 Jane Walker section 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6462 Physical...

26.4 Psychiatric treatments in the medically ill 6465 26.4.1 Psychopharmacology in medical practi...

26.4.2 Psychological treatments 6470 Michael Sharpe and Simon Wessely section 26  Psychiatric and...

26.5 Specific psychiatric disorders 6475 26.5.1 Delirium 6475 Bart Sheehan CONTENTS 26.5.1 Delir...

26.5.10 Eating disorders 6509 Christopher G. Fairburn 26.5.10  Eating disorders 6509 development ...

26.5.11 Schizophrenia 6513 Stephen M. Lawrie 26.5.11  Schizophrenia 6513 Anorexia nervosa The cou...

26.5.12 Somatic symptom and related disorders 6517 Michael Sharpe 26.5.12  Somatic symptom and re...

26.5.13 Personality disorders 6520 Iain Jordan SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders...

26.5.2 Dementia 6478 Bart Sheehan SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6478 26.5.2 ...

26.5.3 Organic psychoses 6482 Curtis McKnight and Jason Caplan SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-r...

26.5.4 Alcohol misuse 6486 Jonathan Wood SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 6486 ...

26.5.5 Substance misuse 6490 Stephen Potts SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-related disorders 649...

26.5.6 Depressive disorder 6493 Joseph Cerimele and Lydia Chwastiak 26.5.6  Depressive disorder 6...

26.5.7 Bipolar disorder 6498 Kate E.A. Saunders and John Geddes SECTION 26  Psychiatric and drug-...

26.5.8 Anxiety disorders 6501 Ted Liao and Steve Epstein 26.5.8  Anxiety disorders 6501 Adjunctiv...

26.5.9 Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post- traumatic stress disorder 6506 Jona...

26.6 Changing unhealthy behaviours 6524 26.6.1 Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumpt...

26.6.2 Obesity and weight management 6529 Susan Jebb and Paul Aveyard 26.6.2  Obesity and weight ...

26.6.3 Smoking cessation 6533 Paul Aveyard 26.6.3  Smoking cessation 6533 with a BMI greater than...

Paul Aveyard 26.7 Psychiatry, liaison psychiatry, and psychological medicine 6536 Michael Sharpe ...

27.1 Forensic and legal medicine 6541 Jason Payne- James, Paul Marks, Ralph Bouhaidar, and Steven...

28.1 Sport and exercise medicine 6565 Cathy Speed ESSENTIALS Physical activity through sport can ...

29.1 The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management 6577 Brian Shine and Nishan Guh...

3.1 The cell 209 ESSENTIALS The cell is a dynamic entity. Cells are not simply building blocks th...

3.2 The genomic basis of medicine 218 ESSENTIALS It is now possible to determine the entire DNA i...

3.3 Cytokines 236 ESSENTIALS Cytokines are small glycoprotein mediators that are involved in ever...

3.4 Ion channels and disease 246 ESSENTIALS Ion channels are membrane proteins that act as gated ...

3.5 Intracellular signalling 256 ESSENTIALS This chapter outlines the general principles of intra...

3.6 Apoptosis in health and disease 266 ESSENTIALS Apoptosis is the process by which single cells...

3.7 Stem cells and regenerative medicine 281 ESSENTIALS There is a great and unmet need for treat...

3.8 The evolution of therapeutic antibodies 296 ESSENTIALS The development of rodent monoclonal a...

3.9 Circulating DNA for molecular diagnostics 299 ESSENTIALS Short fragments of cell-​free DNA ar...

30.1 Acute medical presentations 6591 Sian Coggle, Elaine Jolly, and John D. Firth ESSENTIALS Thi...

30.2 Practical procedures 6644 Elaine Jolly, Sian Coggle, and John D. Firth ESSENTIALS Key practi...

4.1 The innate immune system 307 ESSENTIALS The innate immune system comprises evolutionarily anc...

4.2 The complement system 315 ESSENTIALS The complement system, consisting of soluble and membran...

4.3 Adaptive immunity 325 ESSENTIALS Following the innate immune response, which acts very rapidl...

4.4 Immunodeficiency 337 ESSENTIALS Immunodeficiency is caused by failure of a component of the i...

4.5 Allergy 368 ESSENTIALS Allergy is common and becoming commoner: it now affects about one-​thi...

4.6 Autoimmunity 379 ESSENTIALS Autoimmune diseases occur when a sustained, specific, adaptive im...

4.7 Principles of transplantation immunology 392 ESSENTIALS The survival of transplanted organs r...

5.1 Epidemiology of cancer 411

5.2 The nature and development of cancer: Cancer mutations and their implications 445 ESSENTIALS ...

5.3 The genetics of inherited cancers 456 ESSENTIALS All cancer can be termed ‘genetic’ as the di...

5.4 Cancer immunity and immunotherapy 471 ESSENTIALS The development of a cancer in an immunologi...

5.5 Clinical features and management 487 ESSENTIALS Patients with cancer may present after detect...

5.6 Systemic treatment and radiotherapy 497 ESSENTIALS Cancer therapy is underpinned by a detaile...

5.7 Medical management of breast cancer 505 ESSENTIALS Early breast cancer Most patients with bre...

6.1 Ageing and clinical medicine 511 6.1 Ageing and clinical medicine Claire Steves and Neil Pend...

6.10 Neurodegenerative disorders in older people 601 ESSENTIALS Neurodegenerative disorders are a...

6.11 Promotion of dignity in the life and death of older patients 612 ESSENTIALS Respect for the ...

6.2 Frailty and sarcopenia 521 6.2 Frailty and sarcopenia Andrew Clegg and Harnish Patel ESSENTIA...

6.3 Optimizing well- being into old age 532 ESSENTIALS Healthy ageing, well-​being in later life,...

6.4 Older people and urgent care 539 ESSENTIALS Older people, especially those with frailty, are ...

6.5 Older people in hospital 548 ESSENTIALS Older people usually present to hospital because of a...

6.6 Supporting older peoples’ care in surgical and oncological services 563 ESSENTIALS The clinic...

6.7 Drugs and prescribing in the older patient 571 ESSENTIALS The use of pharmacological agents i...

6.8 Falls, faints, and fragility fractures 579 ESSENTIALS Falls and their complications are the f...

6.9 Bladder and bowels 589 ESSENTIALS Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence is not an inevita...

7.1 Introduction to palliative care 623 ESSENTIALS Palliative care shifts the focus of care from ...

7.2 Pain management 629 ESSENTIALS Pain occurs in more than 50% of patients with advanced disease...

7.3 Symptoms other than pain 634 ESSENTIALS Common symptoms in life-​limiting illness include pai...

7.4 Care of the dying person 639 ESSENTIALS The care a patient receives in the last hours to days...

8.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host 651

8.1.1 Biology of pathogenic microorganisms 651 8.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host CONTENT...

8.1.2 Clinical features and general management of patients with severe infections 656 656 SECTION...

8.10 Cestodes (tapeworms) 1520

8.10.1 Cestodes (tapeworms) 1520 8.10 Cestodes (tapeworms) CONTENTS 8.10.1 Cestodes (tapeworms)...

8.10.2 Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) 1529 8.10.2  Cystic hydatid disease (Echi...

8.10.3 Cysticercosis 1533 8.10.3  Cysticercosis 1533 the prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep decre...

8.11 Trematodes (flukes) 1540

8.11.1 Schistosomiasis 1540 8.11 Trematodes (flukes) CONTENTS 8.11.1 Schistosomiasis  1540  Dav...

8.11.2 Liver fluke infections 1551 8.11.2  Liver fluke infections 1551 Richter J (2003). The impa...

8.11.3 Lung flukes (paragonimiasis) 1558 section 8  Infectious diseases 1558 herbivorous animals ...

8.11.4 Intestinal trematode infections 1562 section 8  Infectious diseases 1562 Im JG, Chang K, R...

8.12 Nonvenomous arthropods 1568 ESSENTIALS Most medically important arthropods are insects (incl...

8.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/ linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection) 158...

8.2 The patient with suspected infection 662

8.2.1 Clinical approach 662 8.2 The patient with suspected infection CONTENTS 8.2.1 Clinical app...

8.2.2 Fever of unknown origin 664 664 SECTION 8  Infectious diseases the ribs overlying the poste...

8.2.3 Nosocomial infections 669 8.2.3  Nosocomial infections 669 agent is rarely diagnostic as th...

8.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised host 673 8.2.4  Infection in the immunocompromised host ...

8.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapy 684 684 SECTION 8  Infectious diseases patients, measures includ...

8.3 Immunization 706 ESSENTIALS Immunization is one of the most successful medical interventions ...

8.4 Travel and expedition medicine 713 ESSENTIALS Tourists, business people, pilgrims, and visito...

8.5 Viruses 723

8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses 723 8.5 Viruses CONTENTS 8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses  723 Ma...

8.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies- related lyssaviruses 805 8.5.10  Rhabdoviruses 805 diver...

8.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod- borne reoviruses 819 8.5.11  Colorado tick fever ...

8.5.12 Alphaviruses 821 8.5.12  Alphaviruses 821 Kemerovo group Kemerovo group viruses have been ...

8.5.13 Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella Pat Tookey and J.M. Best ESSENTIALS Rubel...

8.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue 830 830 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.14  Flaviviruses...

8.5.15 Dengue 845 8.5.15  Dengue 845 FURTHER READING Aliota MT, et al. (2017). Zika in the Americ...

8.5.16 Bunyaviridae 852 852 section 8  Infectious diseases Deen JL, et al. (2006). The WHO dengue...

8.5.17 Arenaviruses 862 862 section 8  Infectious diseases Crimean–​Congo haemorrhagic fever Bent...

8.5.18 Filoviruses 870 870 section 8  Infectious diseases loss, which occurs in up to 30% of Lass...

8.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 8.5.19  Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 Pr...

8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein– Barr virus) 734 734 section 8  Infectious diseases Dowell...

8.5.20 Parvovirus B19 886 886 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.20  Parvovirus B19 Kevin E. Bro...

8.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) 889 8.5.21  Hepatitis viruses (excluding h...

8.5.22 Hepatitis C virus 896 896 section 8  Infectious diseases Lok AS, et al. (2017). Hepatitis ...

8.5.23 HIV/ AIDS 901 8.5.23  HIV/AIDS 901 HCV may clear the virus spontaneously within the first ...

8.5.24 HIV in low- and middle- income countries 933 8.5.24  HIV in low- and middle-income countri...

8.5.25 HTLV- 1, HTLV- 2, and associated diseases 941 8.5.25  HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated disea...

8.5.26 Viruses and cancer 945 8.5.26  Viruses and cancer 945 8.5.26  Viruses and cancer Robin A....

8.5.27 Orf and Milker’s nodule 947 8.5.27  Orf and Milker’s nodule 947 Plymoth A, Viviani S, Hain...

8.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum 949 8.5.28  Molluscum contagiosum 949 Fig. 8.5.27.4  Herpetic whitlo...

8.5.29 Newly discovered viruses 951 8.5.29  Newly discovered viruses 951 Henderson–​Paterson moll...

8.5.3 Epstein– Barr virus 754 754 section 8  Infectious diseases Whitley RJ, et al. (1998). Guide...

8.5.4 Poxviruses 764 764 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.4  Poxviruses Geoffrey L. Smith ESSE...

8.5.5 Mumps: Epidemic parotitis 769 8.5.5  Mumps: Epidemic parotitis 769 disease virus, is consid...

8.5.6 Measles 772 772 section 8  Infectious diseases In the normal infant, maternal IgG passes to...

8.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides 784 784 section 8  Infectious diseases is assumed to ...

8.5.8 Enterovirus infections 787 8.5.8  Enterovirus infections 787 8.5.8  Enterovirus infections...

8.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting 797 8.5.9  Virus infections causing diarrho...

8.6 Bacteria 958 8.6 Bacteria CONTENTS 8.6.1 Diphtheria  959 Delia B. Bethell and Tran Tinh Hien...

8.6.1 Diphtheria 959 8.6.1  Diphtheria 959 8.6.35 Leptospirosis  1198 Nicholas P.J. Day 8.6.36 ...

8.6.10 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma) 1051 8.6.10  Intracell...

8.6.11 Anaerobic bacteria 1055 8.6.11  Anaerobic bacteria 1055 8.6.11  Anaerobic bacteria Anilrud...

8.6.12 Cholera 1060 section 8  Infectious diseases 1060 moxifloxacin has demonstrated moderate to...

8.6.13 Haemophilus influenzae 1066 section 8  Infectious diseases 1066 other diarrhoeas) by havin...

8.6.14 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid 1071 1071 8.6.14  Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid 8.6....

8.6.15 Bordetella infection 1073 8.6.15  Bordetella infection 1073 8.6.15  Bordetella infection C...

8.6.16 Melioidosis and glanders 1076 section 8  Infectious diseases 1076 There are no agents with...

8.6.17 Plague: Yersinia pestis 1081 1081 8.6.17  Plague: Yersinia pestis Michael Prentice ESSENTI...

8.6.18 Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis 1086 section 8  Infectious diseases 1086 8.6.18  Ot...

8.6.19 Pasteurella 1088 section 8  Infectious diseases 1088 herds. This has been accomplished for...

8.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci 965 8.6.2  Streptococci and enterococci 965 diphtheria vaccine...

8.6.20 Francisella tularensis infection 1091 1091 8.6.20  Francisella tularensis infection review...

8.6.21 Anthrax 1094 section 8  Infectious diseases 1094 Meningitis should be treated with an amin...

8.6.22 Brucellosis 1102 section 8  Infectious diseases 1102 needed in great quantities. These rea...

8.6.23 Tetanus 1109 8.6.23  Tetanus 1109 Porte F, et al. (2003). Role of the Brucella suis lipopo...

8.6.24 Clostridium difficile 1115 8.6.24  Clostridium difficile 1115 Areas of uncertainty, contro...

8.6.25 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections 1120 section 8  Infect...

8.6.26 Tuberculosis 1126 section 8  Infectious diseases 1126 raw meat, and can be carried by flie...

8.6.27 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria 1150 section 8  Infectious diseases 1150 8.6....

8.6.28 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 1154 section 8  Infectious diseases 1154 little evidence to sup...

8.6.29 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection 1167 1167 8.6.29  Buruli ulcer: Mycobacteri...

8.6.3 Pneumococcal infections 975 8.6.3  Pneumococcal infections 975 Murray BE (1990). The life a...

8.6.30 Actinomycoses 1170 section 8  Infectious diseases 1170 Meyers WM (1995). Mycobacterial inf...

8.6.31 Nocardiosis 1176 section 8  Infectious diseases 1176 the lacrimal concretions that are usu...

8.6.32 Rat bite fevers (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus infection) 1179

8.6.33 Lyme borreliosis 1181 SECTION 1 Patients and their treatment Section editors: John D. Firt...

8.6.34 Relapsing fevers 1188 section 8  Infectious diseases 1188 8.6.34  Relapsing fevers David A...

8.6.35 Leptospirosis 1198 section 8  Infectious diseases 1198 8.6.35  Leptospirosis Nicholas P.J....

8.6.36 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta 1204 section...

8.6.37 Syphilis 1210 section 8  Infectious diseases 1210 Lower doses are used compared to syphili...

8.6.38 Listeriosis 1223 8.6.38  Listeriosis 1223 8.6.38  Listeriosis Herbert Hof ESSENTIALS Liste...

8.6.39 Legionellosis and Legionnaires’ disease 1226 section 8  Infectious diseases 1226 Although ...

8.6.4 Staphylococci 991 8.6.4  Staphylococci 991 Weisfelt M, et al. (2006). Pneumococcal meningit...

8.6.40 Rickettsioses 1230 section 8  Infectious diseases 1230 8.6.40  Rickettsioses Karolina Grif...

8.6.41 Scrub typhus 1252 section 8  Infectious diseases 1252 8.6.41  Scrub typhus Daniel H. Paris...

8.6.42 Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever) 1257 1257 8.6.42  Coxiella burnetii infections (Q f...

8.6.43 Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis 1262 section 8  Infectious diseases 1262 that patie...

8.6.44 Bartonella bacilliformis infection 1272 section 8  Infectious diseases 1272 Debré R, et al...

8.6.45 Chlamydial infections 1278 section 8  Infectious diseases 1278 is not promptly recognized ...

8.6.46 Mycoplasmas 1295 8.6.46  Mycoplasmas 1295 specimens. Examination of serum samples, prefera...

8.6.47 A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans 1307 8.6.47  A checklist of ba...

8.6.5 Meningococcal infections 1010 section 8  Infectious diseases 1010 Koser CU, et al. (2013). ...

8.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1025 8.6.6  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1025 third dose in the second year ...

8.6.7 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning 1032 section 8  Infectious diseases 1032 Nassif...

8.6.8 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1041 8.6.8  Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1041 8.6.8  Pseudomonas aeruginos...

8.6.9 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers 1044 section 8  Infectious diseases 1044 There is good in vi...

8.7 Fungi (mycoses) 1338

8.7.1 Fungal infections 1338 8.7 Fungi (mycoses) CONTENTS 8.7.1 Fungal infections  1338 Roderick...

8.7.2 Cryptococcosis 1359 8.7.2  Cryptococcosis 1359 8.7.2  Cryptococcosis William G. Powderly, J...

8.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis 1361 8.7.3  Coccidioidomycosis 1361 treatment. An approach similar to th...

8.7.4 Paracoccidioidomycosis 1364 section 8  Infectious diseases 1364 Central nervous system invo...

8.7.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii 1371 8.7.5  Pneumocystis jirovecii 1371 8.7.5  Pneumocystis jiroveci...

8.7.6 Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection 1375 1375 8.7.6  Talaromyces (Penicillium) ma...

8.7.7 Microsporidiosis 1378 section 8  Infectious diseases 1378 treatment is amphotericin B 0.6 m...

8.8 Protozoa 1384

8.8.1 Amoebic infections 1384 8.8 Protozoa CONTENTS 8.8.1 Amoebic infections  1384 Richard Knigh...

8.8.10 Blastocystis infection 1449 1449 concurrent malignant disease (including chronic lymphocyt...

8.8.11 Human African trypanosomiasis 1451 8.8.11  Human African trypanosomiasis 1451 Clinical fea...

8.8.12 Chagas disease 1459 8.8.12  Chagas disease 1459 New drug candidates Fexinidazole, a 5-​nit...

8.8.13 Leishmaniasis 1467 8.8.13  Leishmaniasis 1467 to divide in the blood, possibly in sequeste...

8.8.14 Trichomoniasis 1475 8.8.14  Trichomoniasis 1475 Africa with pentavalent antimonials for 30...

8.8.2 Malaria 1395 8.8.2  Malaria 1395 Shirley DA, Moonah S (2016). Fulminant amoebic colitis aft...

8.8.3 Babesiosis 1414 section 8  Infectious diseases 1414 sensitivity. When there is uncertainty,...

8.8.4 Toxoplasmosis 1416 section 8  Infectious diseases 1416 and quinine or clindamycin alone red...

8.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis 1424 section 8  Infectious diseases 1424 Robert-​Gagn...

8.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis 1432 section 8  Infectious diseases 1432 Control of transmiss...

8.8.7 Cystoisosporiasis 1436 section 8  Infectious diseases 1436 Prevention As with all other org...

8.8.8 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis) 1438 section 8  Infectious diseases 1438 Polymerase chain ...

8.8.9 Giardiasis and balantidiasis 1440 section 8  Infectious diseases 1440 Treatment There is no...

8.9 Nematodes (roundworms) 1478

8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis 1478 8.9 Nematodes (roundworms) CONTENTS 8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis  ...

8.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis 1487 8.9.2  Lymphatic filariasis 1487 Gillette-​Ferguson I, et al. (20...

8.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) 1495 8.9.3  Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) 1495 ...

8.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes 1500 section 8  Infectious ...

8.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion 1506 section 8  Infectious disease...

8.9.6 Angiostrongyliasis 1516 section 8  Infectious diseases 1516 Uncommon intestinal or tissue n...

9.1 Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections 1589 ESSENTIALS Although accurate incidence f...

9.2 Sexual behaviour 1597 ESSENTIALS Discussion of sexual lifestyle and the ability to take a sex...

9.3 Sexual history and examination 1600 ESSENTIALS Sexually transmitted infections are common, es...

9.4 Vaginal discharge 1603 ESSENTIALS Vaginal symptoms are a frequent source of discomfort and di...

9.5 Urethritis 1606 ESSENTIALS Urethritis is defined as detectable urethral inflammation in the p...

9.6 Genital ulceration 1610 ESSENTIALS Genital ulceration can be caused by many common and rare s...

9.7 Anogenital lumps and bumps 1613 ESSENTIALS Anogenital lesions can be due to sexually transmit...

9.8 Pelvic inflammatory disease 1622 ESSENTIALS Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of th...

9.9 Principles of contraception 1626 9.9 Principles of contraception Zara Haider ESSENTIALS A wid...

Contents Contents Volume 1 List of abbreviations  xxxv List of contributors  xlv SECTION 1 Patien...

Copyright 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a ...

Foreword Foreword Professor Sir John Bell, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford In ...

List of abbreviations Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5...

Oxford Textbook of Medicine-Volume 2, 6e (May 6, 2020)(0198746695)(Oxford University Press)

Oxford Textbook of Medicine Oxford Textbook of Medicine 1 Oxford Textbook of Medicine SIXTH EDITI...

Preface Preface Changes in medicine The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is published online and has b...

cover 2 ONLY FOR SALE IN INDIA, BANGLADESH, SRI LANKA, NEPAL, BHUTAN, AND MYANMAR AND NOT FOR EXP...