List of abbreviations xxxv

List of abbreviations xxxv

Abbreviations 5-​FU 5-​fluorouracil 5-​HIAA 5-​hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine 5-​HT 5-​hydroxytryptamine AAA acquired aplastic anaemia AAFB acid-​ and alcohol-​fast bacilli AASLD American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases AAV antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody-associated vasculitis (also aplastic anaemia ABC ATP-​binding cassette ABCDE airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure ABG arterial blood gas ABMR antibody-​mediated rejection ABPA allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ABPM ambulatory blood pressure measurement ACE angiotensin-​converting enzyme AChE acetylcholinesterase, define at first mention ACPA anticitrullinated peptide/​protein antibodies ACR American College of Rheumatology (also albumin:creatinine ratio) ACS acute coronary syndromes ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone AD Alzheimer’s disease ADEM acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ADH antidiuretic hormone ADL activities of daily living ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ADR adverse drug reaction ADRT advanced decision to refuse treatment AECA antiendothelial cell antibodies AF atrial fibrillation AFP α-​fetoprotein AGT alanine–​glyoxylate aminotransferase aGVHD acute graft-​versus-​host disease AHA American Heart Association aHUS atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome AIF apoptosis-​inducing factor AIHA autoimmune haemolytic anaemia AIN acute interstitial nephritis AIP autoimmune pancreatitis (also acute interstitial pneumonia) AIS androgen insensitivity syndromes AKI acute kidney injury ALD alcoholic liver disease ALF acute liver failure ALL acute lymphoblastic leukaemia alloSCT allogeneic stem cell transplantation ALP alkaline phosphatase ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALT alanine aminotransferase AMA antimitochondrial antibody AML acute myeloid leukaemia AMLR autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions AMT Abbreviated Mental Test ANA antinuclear autoantibodies ANC absolute neutrophil count ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ANP atrial natriuretic peptide AOSD adult-​onset Still’s disease AP alternative pathway APA aldosterone-​producing adenoma APC antigen presenting cell APCM active physiological conservative management APL acute promyelocytic leukaemia APS antiphospholipid syndrome APTT activated partial thromboplastin time AR androgen receptor ara-​C cytosine arabinoside ARB angiotensin receptor blocker ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome ARF acute renal failure ARH autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease ART antiretroviral therapy ARVC arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ARVD atherosclerotic renovascular disease AS ankylosing spondylitis ASAS Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society ASCT autologous stem cell transplantation ASD atrial septal defect ASH Action on Smoking and Health ASOT antistreptolysin O titre AST aspartate aminotransferase ATG antithymocyte globulin ATP adenosine triphosphate ATRA all-​trans-​retinoic acid AV aortic valve AVN arteriovenous nipping

Abbreviations xxxvi AVSD atrioventricular septal defect AZA azacitidine BCAA branched-​chain amino acid BCC basal cell carcinoma BCG bacillus Calmette–​Guérin BEN Balkan endemic nephropathy BH4 tetrahydrobiopterin BHS British Hypertension Society BICC betaferon in chronic viral cardiomyopathy BKV BK polyomavirus BM bone marrow BMD bone mineral density BMF bone marrow failure BMI body mass index BMP bone morphogenic protein BNF British National Formulary BNP B-​type natriuretic peptide BOS bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome BP blood pressure BPG biphosphoglycerate BRAO branch artery occlusion BRVO branch retinal vein occlusion BSEP haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count BSP bromosulphthalein BTS British Thoracic Society BUN blood urea nitrogen CA carbohydrate antigen CABG coronary artery bypass grafting CAF Comprehensive Assessment for Frailty CAH congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAM Confusion Assessment Method CAMT congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia CAP community-​acquired pneumonia CAPS cryopyrin-​associated periodic syndromes CaR calcium-​sensing receptor CAT COPD assessment test CBT cognitive behaviour therapy CCB calcium channel blocker CCK cholecystokinin CCP anticyclic citrullinated peptide CCQ Clinical COPD questionnaire CCV clathrin-​coated vesicles CCyR complete cytogenetic response CD cluster of differentiation CDA congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia CDC donation after circulatory death CEA carcinoembryonic antigen CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein CF cystic fibrosis CFA cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis cfDNA cell-​free DNA CFS Clinical Frailty Scale CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator CFU colony forming unit CGA comprehensive geriatric assessment CGRP calcitonin gene-​related peptide cGVHD chronic graft-​versus-​host disease CHAD cold haemagglutinin disease CHD coronary heart disease CHF congestive heart failure CHM Commission on Human Medicines CINAC chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities CINCA chronic infantile neurological, cutaneous, and articular syndrome CISN coumarin-​induced skin necrosis CK creatine kinase CKD chronic kidney disease CKD-​EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration CLL chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CML chronic myeloid leukaemia CMR cardiac magnetic resonance CMS congenital myasthenic syndrome CMT Charcot–​Marie–​Tooth disease CMV cytomegalovirus CNI calcineurin inhibitor CNS central nervous system CNSHA congenital non-​spherocytic haemolytic anaemia CO cardiac output CoA coenzyme A COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COX cyclooxygenase CPAP continuous positive airway pressure CPM central pontine myelosis CPP central precocious puberty CPPS chronic pelvic pain syndrome CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CR complete remission CRDQ Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire CREST calcinosis, Raynaud’s, oesophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia CRF chronic renal failure CRH corticotropin-​releasing hormone CRIM cross-​immunoreactive material CRP C-​reactive protein CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy CS continuous smokers CSF cerebrospinal fluid/​colony-​stimulating factor CT computed tomography CTA computed tomography angiography CTCA computed tomography coronary angiography CTD connective tissue disease CTEPH chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension CTL cytotoxic T-​lymphocyte CVD cardiovascular disease CVID common variable immunodeficiency CVS chorionic villus sampling CXR chest radiograph CYP cytochrome P450 CZT cadmium zinc telluride DAEC diffusely adherent Escherichia coli DALY disability-​adjusted life year DAMP damage-​associated molecular pattern DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DAT direct antiglobulin test

  Abbreviations xxxvii DBA Diamond–​Blackfan anaemia DBD donation after brain death DBP diastolic blood pressure DC dyskeratosis congenita (also dendritic cell) DCA directional coronary atherectomy DCCT Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DCD donation after circulatory death DCI decompression illness dcSSc diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis DCT distal convoluted tubule DDAVP 1-​deamino-​8-​d-​arginine vasopressin DDD dense deposit disease DECAF dyspnoea, eosinopenia, consolidation, acidosis, and atrial fibrillation DGP deamidated gliadin peptide DHG dihydroxyglutarate DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation DILI drug-​induced liver injury DILV double-​inlet left ventricle DIP desquamative interstitial pneumonia DISC death-​initiating signalling complex DISH diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis DLB dementia with Lewy bodies DLBCL diffuse large B-​cell lymphoma DMARD disease-​modifying antirheumatic drug DMD disease-​modifying drugs (can also mean Duchenne muscular dystrophy) DMSA dimercaptosuccinic acid DNACPR do-​not-​attempt-​cardiopulmonary resuscitation DNR do not resuscitate DOAC direct oral anticoagulant DOCA desoxycorticosterone DOPPS Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study DORV double-​outlet right ventricle DPI dry powder inhalers DRE digital rectal examination DRESS drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms dRTA distal renal tubular acidosis DSA donor-​specific antibodies DTC direct to consumer DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid DVT deep vein thrombosis DXA dual energy X-​ray absorptiometry EACTS European Association for Cardio-​Thoracic Surgery EAggEC enteroaggregative Escherichia coli EANM European Association of Nuclear Medicine EAPCI European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions EASL European Association for the Study of the Liver EATL enteropathy-​associated T-​cell lymphoma EBV Epstein–​Barr virus ECD extended criteria donor ECF extracellular fluid ECG electrocardiogram ECLAM European community lupus activity measure ECM extracellular matrix ECV extracellular volume EDMD Emery–​Dreifuss muscular dystrophy EDRF endothelial-​derived relaxing factor EDTA European Dialysis and Transplant Association EDV end-​diastolic volume EEG electroencephalography EELV end expiratory lung volume EGF epidermal growth factor eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate EGPA eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis EIEC enteroinvasive Escherichia coli EIS endoscopic injection sclerotherapy ELCA excimer laser coronary atherectomy ELISA enzyme-​linked immunosorbent assay EM erythema multiforme (also electron microscopy) EMA endomysial antibody EMG electromyography EMS early morning urethral smear ENA extractable nuclear antigens ENaC epithelial sodium channel ENT ear, nose, or throat EOL end of life EoO eosinophilic oesophagitis EPCR endothelial cell protein C receptor EPEC enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EPO erythropoietin ER endoplasmic reticulum ERA European Renal Association ERC endoscopic retrograde cholangiography ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERNV equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography ERS European Respiratory Society ESA erythropoiesis-​stimulating agent ESC European Society of Cardiology ESGE European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ESH European Society of Hypertension ESKD end-​stage kidney disease ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESRD end-​stage renal disease ESS EULAR sicca score ESWL extracorporeal shock-​wave lithotripsy ETEC enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli EUS endoscopic ultrasonography EVLP ex-​vivo lung perfusion EVO endoscopic variceal obturation FA Fanconi’s anaemia FACIT fibril-​associated collagen with interrupted triple FAK focal adhesion kinase FAP familial adenomatous polyposis FBC full blood count FCAS familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome FCHL familial combined hyperlipidaemia FDA Food and Drug Administration FDG fluorodeoxyglucose FDG-​PET fluorodeoxyglucose-​positron emission tomography FDP fibrinogen-​degradation product FEV forced expiratory volume FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s

Abbreviations xxxviii FFR fractional flow reserve FGF fibroblast growth factor FH familial hypercholesterolaemia FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization FL follicular lymphoma FLC free light chain FMF familial Mediterranean fever FMTC familial medullary thyroid carcinoma FNAB fine needle aspiration biopsy FNH focal nodular hyperplasia FOB faecal occult blood FODMAPs fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols FRC functional residual capacity FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis FSH follicular stimulating hormone FTD frontotemporal dementia FVC forced vital capacity FVU first voided urine G6PD glucose-​6-​phosphate dehydrogenase GABA γ-​aminobutyric acid GAD generalized anxiety disorder GALT gut-​associated lymphoid tissue GAVE gastric antral vascular ectasia GBD Global Burden of Disease GBM glomerular basement membrane G-​CSF granulocyte colony-​stimulating factor GCA giant cell arteritis GCS Glasgow Coma Score GDF growth differentiation factors GEP gastroenteropancreatic GFB glomerular filtration barrier GFR glomerular filtration rate GH growth hormone GI gastrointestinal GIB gastrointestinal bleeding GIE glucocorticoid inhibitory element GIP gastric inhibitor peptide GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumour GLP glucagon-​like peptide GM-​CSF granulocyte–​macrophage colony-​stimulating factor GM/​MS gas chromatography–​mass spectrometry GN glomerulonephritis GnRH gonadotropin-​releasing hormone GOLD Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease GOMMID glomerulonephritis with organized microtubular monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits GORD gastro-​oesophageal reflux disease GOV gastro-​oesophageal varices GP glycoprotein (also general practitioner) GPA granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPCR G-​protein-​coupled-​receptors GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol GRACE Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events GRADE Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations GRHPR glyoxylate/​hydroxypyruvate reductase GSD glycogen storage disease GSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis GSH glutathione GU gonococcal urethritis GUM genitourinary medicine GVHD graft-​versus-​host disease GVL graft-​versus-​leukaemia GWAS genome-​wide association study H&E haematoxylin and eosin stain HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy HAND HIV-​associated neurocognitive disorder HAV hepatitis A virus HBc hepatitis B core HBeAG hepatitis B e antigen HBIg hepatitis B immunoglobulin HBPM home blood pressure measurement HBsAG hepatitis B surface antigen HBV hepatitis B virus HCC hepatocellular carcinoma HCG human chorionic gonadotropin HCV hepatitis C virus HD haemodialysis HDF haemodiafiltration HDL high-​density lipoprotein HDL-​C high-​density lipoprotein cholesterol HDU high-​dependency unit HDV hepatitis D virus HE hepatic encephalopathy or hereditary elliptocytosis HELLP haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets HES hypereosinophilic syndrome hESC human embryonic stem cell HETE hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid HEV hepatitis E virus HF haemofiltration HFA Heart Failure Association HFnEF heart failure with a normal ejection fraction HFOV high-​frequency oscillatory ventilation HFV high-​frequency ventilation HHT hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasis/​ 15-​hydroxy-​5,8,10-​hepatrotrienoic acid HHV human herpesvirus HIF hypoxia-​inducible factors HIV human immunodeficiency virus HIV-​OL human immunodeficiency virus oral lesion HK high molecular weight kininogen HL hepatic lipase HLA human leucocyte antigen HLH haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis HLHS hypoplastic left heart syndrome HMA hypomethylating agent HOGA 4-​hydroxy-​2-​oxoglutarate aldolase HPA hypothalamic-​pituitary-​adrenal HPG hypothalamic-​pituitary-​gonadal HPLC high-​performance liquid chromatography HPP hereditary pyropoikilocytosis HPRT hypoxanthine-​guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HPV human papillomavirus

  Abbreviations xxxix HRA high-​resolution anoscopy HRCT high-​resolution computed tomography HRT hormone replacement therapy HS hereditary spherocytosis HSC haematopoietic stem cell or hepatic stellate cell HSCT haemopoietic stem cell transplantation HSP Henoch–​Schönlein purpura HSPC haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell HSV herpes simplex virus HUS haemolytic uraemic syndrome HUV hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis IADL instrumental activities of daily living IAS insulin autoimmune syndrome IBD irritable bowel disease IBS irritable bowel syndrome IBS-​C irritable bowel syndrome with constipation IBS-​D irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea IBS-​M irritable bowel syndrome with alternating constipation and diarrhoea IC intercalated cell ICAM intercell adhesion molecules ICD implantable cardioverter-​defibrillator ICP intracranial pressure ICS inhaled oral corticosteroids ICU intensive care unit IDA iminodiacetic acid IDL intermediate-​density lipoprotein IEC intestinal epithelial cell IF intrinsic factor IFG impaired fasting glucose IFN interferon Ig immunoglobulin IgAN immunoglobulin A nephropathy IgE immunoglobulin E IGF insulin-​like growth factors IgG4-​RD immunoglobulin G4-​related disease IgG4-​SC immunoglobulin G4-​related sclerosing cholangitis IGV isolated gastric varices IHD ischaemic heart disease IHME Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation IIH idiopathic intracranial hypertension IIP idiopathic interstitial pneumonias IL interleukin ILC innate lymphoid cell ILD interstitial lung disease IMA inferior mesenteric artery INR international normalized ratio IPAF interstitial pneumonitis with autoimmune features IPEX immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-​linked IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPI International Prognostic Index iPSC induced pluripotent stem cell IPSID immunoproliferative small intestinal disease IRIDA iron-​refractory iron deficiency anaemia IRIS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome IRM immunoradiographic assay IRV Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume ISH International Society of Hypertension ISHLT International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation ISIS International Study of Infarct Survival ISWT incremental shuttle walking test ITP immune thrombocytopenia ITU intensive care unit IV intravenous IVC inferior vena cava IVF in vitro fertilization IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin IVU intravenous urography JE Japanese encephalitis JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis JNC Joint National Committee KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes LA left atrium LAMA long-​acting antimuscarinic agents LBBB left bundle branch block LCAT lecithin–​cholesterol acyltransferase LCH Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis lcSSc limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis LDH lactate dehydrogenase LDL low-​density lipoprotein LDL-​C low-​density lipoprotein cholesterol LFT liver function test LGE late gadolinium enhancement LGMD limb-​girdle muscular dystrophy LGV lymphogranuloma venereum LH luteinizing hormone LIC liver iron content LINQ Lung Information Needs Questionnaire LIP lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia LKM liver–​kidney microsomal LMICs low-​ and middle-​income countries LMN lower motor neuron LMWH low molecular weight heparin LMWP low molecular weight protein LOLA l-​ornithine l-​arginine LP lumbar puncture LPL lipoprotein lipase LPLR lipoprotein lipase receptor LTOT long-​term oxygen therapy LV left ventricle LVDD left ventricular diastolic dysfunction LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction LVOT left ventricular outflow tract LVRS lung volume reduction surgery LVSD left ventricular systolic dysfunction MAG3 mercaptoacetyltriglycine MAGIC MAGnesium in Coronaries MAHA microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia MALT mucosa-​associated lymphoid tissue MAO monoamine oxidase inhibitor MAP mean arterial pressure MAPK mitogen-​activated protein kinase MBD mineral and bone disorder M-​CSF macrophage colony-​stimulating factor

Abbreviations xl MCHC mean cell haemoglobin concentration MCL mantle cell lymphoma MCNS minimal change nephrotic syndrome MCpEF myocarditis with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction MCV mean corpuscular volume MDE myeloma-​defining event MDI metered dose inhalers MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MDS myelodysplastic syndrome MED minimal erythema dose MELD Model for End-​Stage Liver Disease MEN multiple endocrine neoplasia MERFF myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibres mESC mouse embryonic stem cell MGRS monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance MHC major histocompatibility complex MHRA Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency MIC minimum inhibitory concentration MIDD monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases MKD mevalonate kinase deficiency MM malignant melanoma MMA methylmalonic acid MMF mycophenolate mofetil MMP matrix metalloproteinase MMR mismatch repair MN membranous nephropathy MND motor neuron disease MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment MPA microscopic polyangiitis MPO myeloperoxidase MPS mucopolysaccharidosis (also myocardial perfusion scintigraphy) MR magnetic resonance MRA magnetic resonance angiography (can also be medicine regulatory authority) MRC Medical Research Council MRCP magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography MRI magnetic resonance imaging MRSA methicillin-​resistant Staphylococcus aureus MS multiple sclerosis MS/​MS tandem mass spectroscopy MSA multiple-​system atrophy MSC mesenchymal stromal cell MSH melanocyte-​stimulating hormone MSU midstream urine MTC medullary thyroid carcinoma mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin MUS medically unexplained symptoms MWS Muckle–​Wells syndrome NAAT nucleic acid amplification testing NABQI N-​acetyl-​p-​benzoquinone imine NADH reduced nicotinamide-​adenine dinucleotide NADPH reduced nicotinamide-​adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NAIT neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NCAM neural-​cell adhesion molecule NEP neutral endopeptidase NET neuroendocrine tumour or neutrophil extracellular trap NETT National Emphysema Therapy Trial NEWS National Early Warning Score NGF nerve growth factor NGS next-​generation sequencing NHDL-​C non-​high-​density lipoprotein cholesterol NHL non-​Hodgkin’s lymphoma NHS National Health Service (UK) NICE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NIPPV non-​invasive nasal positive-​pressure ventilation NIPT non-​invasive prenatal testing NIV non-​invasive ventilation NK natural killer NKT natural killer T NLST National Lung Screening Trial NMS neuroleptic malignant syndrome NMSC non-​melanoma skin cancer NNH number needed to harm NNT number needed to treat NOTT Nocturnal Oxygen Treatment Trial NREM non-​rapid eye movement NRT nicotine replacement therapy NSAID non-​steroidal anti-​inflammatory drug NSCLC non-​small cell lung cancer NSIP non-​specific interstitial pneumonia NSTEMI non-​ST-​elevation myocardial infarction NTD neural tube defect NTM non-​tuberculous mycobacterial NT-​proBNP N-​terminal B-​type natriuretic peptide NYHA New York Heart Association OAF osteoclast-​activating factor OAPR odds of being affected given a positive result OB obliterative bronchiolitis OCD obsessive–​compulsive disorder OCT optical coherence tomography OD once daily OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OED other eating disorders OLP oral lichen planus OMIM Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man OMT optimal medical therapy OPAT outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy OR odds ratio OS overall survival OSA obstructive sleep apnoea OTB oral tuberculosis PA pernicious anaemia (also pulmonary artery) PACAP pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide PAF platelet activating factor PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (can also mean pulmonary hypertension)

  Abbreviations xli PAOP pulmonary artery occlusion pressure PAS periodic acid–​Schiff PASI Psoriasis Area and Severity Index PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure PBD polyglucosan body disease PBM peripheral blood mononuclear cell PCC prothrombin complex concentrate PCH paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (also pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis) PCI percutaneous coronary intervention PCNSL primary central nervous system lymphoma Pco partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCP Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia PCR polymerase chain reaction (also protein:creatinine ratio) PCT proximal convoluted tubule PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure PD peritoneal dialysis (also Parkinson’s disease) PDA patent ductus arteriosus PDC pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PDD Parkinson’s disease dementia PDGF platelet-​derived growth factor PE pleural effusion (can also mean pulmonary embolism) PEACH Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health PEEP positive end expiratory pressure PEF peak expiratory flow PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy PET position emission tomography PFO patent foramen ovale PFS progression-​free survival PGK phosphoglycerate kinase PHARC polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract PICS post-​intensive care syndrome PID pelvic inflammatory disease PIGN postinfectious glomerulonephritis PK pyruvate kinase PKD pyruvate kinase deficiency (also polycystic kidney disease) PKU phenylketonuria PLA2R phospholipase A2 receptor PMN polymorphonuclear neutrophil PMR polymyalgia rheumatica PNH paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria Po2 partial pressure of oxygen POC point of care POMC pro-​opiomelanocortin PP polypeptide PPI proton pump inhibitor ppm parts per million PPS Palliative Performance Scale PPV porcine parvovirus PR3 proteinase 3 PRCA pure red cell aplasia PRI population reference intake PRPP phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate PRR pattern-​recognition receptor PRrP parathyroid-​hormone-​related protein PSA prostate-​specific antigen PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis PSP primary spontaneous pneumothorax PT prothrombin time PTC percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTH parathyroid hormone PTHrP PTH/​PTH-​related peptide PTLD post-​transplant lymphoproliferative disorder PTP post-​transfusion purpura PTSD post-​traumatic stress disorder PUVA psoralen ultraviolet A PV pemphigus vulgaris (also plasmas viscosity test) PVE prosthetic valve endocarditis PVOD pulmonary veno-​occlusive disease PVR pulmonary vascular resistance PYY peptide tyrosine-​tyrosine QALY quality-​adjusted life year RA rheumatoid arthritis (can also mean right atrium) RAAS renin–​angiotensin–​aldosterone system RAS renin–​angiotensin system (also renal artery stenosis or restrictive allograft syndrome RAVV right atrioventricular valve RBBB right bundle branch block RBF rat bite fevers RCA right coronary artery RCC renal cell carcinoma RCDP rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata RCT randomized controlled trial RDA recommended dietary allowance REM rapid eye movement RF rheumatoid factor RI resistivity index RNA ribonucleic acid RNI reference nutrient intake RNP ribonucleoprotein ROC receiver–​operator characteristic RP ribosomal protein RRT renal replacement therapy RTA renal tubular acidosis RV residual volume (also right ventricle) RVOTO right ventricular outflow tract obstruction SA short-​axis SABR stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (also systolic blood pressure) SCC squamous cell carcinoma SCD sickle cell disease (also sudden cardiac death) SCI spinal cord injuries SCID severe combined immunodeficiency SCLC small cell lung cancer SCMR Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance SCN sickle cell nephropathy or severe congenital neutropenia sdLDL small dense low-​density lipoprotein SDS Shwachman–​Diamond syndrome

Abbreviations xlii SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results SGRQ St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire SHBG sex hormone binding globulin SHEC Shiga toxin-​producing Escherichia coli SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome SLB surgical lung biopsy SLE systemic lupus erythematosus SM smouldering myeloma SMA superior mesenteric artery (also smooth muscle antibody) SMC smooth muscle cell sMDRD simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease SMR standardized mortality ratio SNGFR single-​nephron glomerular filtration rate SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SNS sympathetic nervous system SOD sphincter of Oddi disorder SPC Summary of Product Characteristics SPD storage pool deficiency SPECT single-​positron emission computed tomography SPF sun protection factor SSc systemic sclerosis SSD somatic symptom disorder SSFP steady-​state free precession SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor STEMI ST elevation myocardial infarction STI sexually transmitted infection STOPP/​START set of inappropriate combinations of medicines and disease (STOPP) and a set of recommended treatments for given conditions (START) suPAR soluble urokinase plasminogen activating receptor SVC superior vena cava SVR systemic vascular resistance TACE transarterial chemoembolization TAE transarterial embolization TALH thick ascending limb of Henle TAR thrombocytopenia with absent radii TAVI transcatheter aortic valve implantation TB tuberculosis TBLC transbronchial lung cryobiopsy TBM tuberculous meningitis TC total cholesterol TCA tricyclic antidepressant TCPC total cavopulmonary connection TCR T-​cell receptor TCT thrombin clotting time TdT terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase TEC transient erythroblastopenia of childhood TEN toxic epidermal necrolysis TF transcription factor (also tissue factor) TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor TG triglyceride TGF transforming growth factor TGFα, TGFβ transforming growth factor-​α, -​β TGN trans Golgi network THR total hip replacement THRIVE Treatment of HDL to Reduce the Incidence of Vascular Events TIA transient ischaemic attack TIBC total iron-​binding capacity TIMI thrombolysis in myocardial infarction TINU tubulointerstitial nephritis uveitis TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TK tyrosine kinase TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKR total knee replacement TLC total lung capacity TLR Toll-​like receptor TMA thrombotic microangiopathy t-​MDS therapy-​related myelodysplastic syndrome(s) TNF tumour necrosis factor TNFα tumour necrosis factor-​α tPA tissue plasminogen activator TPN total parenteral nutrition TPN total parenteral nutrition TRAIL TNF-​related apoptosis-​inducing ligand TRAPS tumour necrosis factor receptor-​associated periodic syndrome Treg regulatory T (cell) TROPHY Trial of Preventing Hypertension TSH thyroid-​stimulating hormone TTD thiazide-​type diuretic tTG tissue transglutaminase TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership TTKG transtubular potassium concentration gradient TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumour TV tricuspid valve UAER urinary albumin excretion rate UCB umbilical cord blood UDCA ursodeoxycholic acid UDP uridine diphosphate UI urinary incontinence UIP usual interstitial pneumonia UKELD United Kingdom Model for End-​Stage Liver Disease UKM urea kinetic modelling UKMEC UK Medical Eligibility Criteria UKPDS United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study ULN upper limit of normal UMN upper motor neuron UPR unfolded protein response URR urea reduction ratio URTI upper respiratory tract infection UTI urinary tract infection UV ultraviolet UVL ultraviolet light UVR ultraviolet radiation V/​Q ventilation/​perfusion VARD video-​assisted retroperitoneal debridement VATS video-​assisted thoracoscopic surgery VC vital capacity vCJD variant Creutzfeldt–​Jakob disease

  Abbreviations xliii VDRL Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor VEOIBD very early-​onset inflammatory bowel disease VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide VKA vitamin K antagonist VLA vertical long axis VLCFA very long-​chain fatty acid VLDL very low-​density lipoprotein VSD ventricular septal defect VTE venous thromboembolism VWD von Willebrand’s disease VWF von Willebrand factor VZV varicella zoster virus WBC white blood cell WCC white cell count WGS whole genome sequencing WHO World Health Organization WM Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia X-​ALD X-​linked adrenoleukodystrophy XLH X-​linked hypophosphataemia YLDs years lived with disability YLL years of life lost ZASP Z-​line associated protein