SECTION 8 Infectious diseases

8.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host 651

8.1.1 Biology of pathogenic microorganisms 651 8.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host CONTENT...

8.1.2 Clinical features and general management of patients with severe infections 656 656 SECTION...

8.10 Cestodes (tapeworms) 1520

8.10.1 Cestodes (tapeworms) 1520 8.10 Cestodes (tapeworms) CONTENTS 8.10.1 Cestodes (tapeworms)...

8.10.2 Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) 1529 8.10.2  Cystic hydatid disease (Echi...

8.10.3 Cysticercosis 1533 8.10.3  Cysticercosis 1533 the prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep decre...

8.11 Trematodes (flukes) 1540

8.11.1 Schistosomiasis 1540 8.11 Trematodes (flukes) CONTENTS 8.11.1 Schistosomiasis  1540  Dav...

8.11.2 Liver fluke infections 1551 8.11.2  Liver fluke infections 1551 Richter J (2003). The impa...

8.11.3 Lung flukes (paragonimiasis) 1558 section 8  Infectious diseases 1558 herbivorous animals ...

8.11.4 Intestinal trematode infections 1562 section 8  Infectious diseases 1562 Im JG, Chang K, R...

8.12 Nonvenomous arthropods 1568 ESSENTIALS Most medically important arthropods are insects (incl...

8.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/ linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection) 158...

8.2 The patient with suspected infection 662

8.2.1 Clinical approach 662 8.2 The patient with suspected infection CONTENTS 8.2.1 Clinical app...

8.2.2 Fever of unknown origin 664 664 SECTION 8  Infectious diseases the ribs overlying the poste...

8.2.3 Nosocomial infections 669 8.2.3  Nosocomial infections 669 agent is rarely diagnostic as th...

8.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised host 673 8.2.4  Infection in the immunocompromised host ...

8.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapy 684 684 SECTION 8  Infectious diseases patients, measures includ...

8.3 Immunization 706 ESSENTIALS Immunization is one of the most successful medical interventions ...

8.4 Travel and expedition medicine 713 ESSENTIALS Tourists, business people, pilgrims, and visito...

8.5 Viruses 723

8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses 723 8.5 Viruses CONTENTS 8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses  723 Ma...

8.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies- related lyssaviruses 805 8.5.10  Rhabdoviruses 805 diver...

8.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod- borne reoviruses 819 8.5.11  Colorado tick fever ...

8.5.12 Alphaviruses 821 8.5.12  Alphaviruses 821 Kemerovo group Kemerovo group viruses have been ...

8.5.13 Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella 827 8.5.13  Rubella Pat Tookey and J.M. Best ESSENTIALS Rubel...

8.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue 830 830 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.14  Flaviviruses...

8.5.15 Dengue 845 8.5.15  Dengue 845 FURTHER READING Aliota MT, et al. (2017). Zika in the Americ...

8.5.16 Bunyaviridae 852 852 section 8  Infectious diseases Deen JL, et al. (2006). The WHO dengue...

8.5.17 Arenaviruses 862 862 section 8  Infectious diseases Crimean–​Congo haemorrhagic fever Bent...

8.5.18 Filoviruses 870 870 section 8  Infectious diseases loss, which occurs in up to 30% of Lass...

8.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 8.5.19  Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877 Pr...

8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein– Barr virus) 734 734 section 8  Infectious diseases Dowell...

8.5.20 Parvovirus B19 886 886 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.20  Parvovirus B19 Kevin E. Bro...

8.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) 889 8.5.21  Hepatitis viruses (excluding h...

8.5.22 Hepatitis C virus 896 896 section 8  Infectious diseases Lok AS, et al. (2017). Hepatitis ...

8.5.23 HIV/ AIDS 901 8.5.23  HIV/AIDS 901 HCV may clear the virus spontaneously within the first ...

8.5.24 HIV in low- and middle- income countries 933 8.5.24  HIV in low- and middle-income countri...

8.5.25 HTLV- 1, HTLV- 2, and associated diseases 941 8.5.25  HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and associated disea...

8.5.26 Viruses and cancer 945 8.5.26  Viruses and cancer 945 8.5.26  Viruses and cancer Robin A....

8.5.27 Orf and Milker’s nodule 947 8.5.27  Orf and Milker’s nodule 947 Plymoth A, Viviani S, Hain...

8.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum 949 8.5.28  Molluscum contagiosum 949 Fig. 8.5.27.4  Herpetic whitlo...

8.5.29 Newly discovered viruses 951 8.5.29  Newly discovered viruses 951 Henderson–​Paterson moll...

8.5.3 Epstein– Barr virus 754 754 section 8  Infectious diseases Whitley RJ, et al. (1998). Guide...

8.5.4 Poxviruses 764 764 section 8  Infectious diseases 8.5.4  Poxviruses Geoffrey L. Smith ESSE...

8.5.5 Mumps: Epidemic parotitis 769 8.5.5  Mumps: Epidemic parotitis 769 disease virus, is consid...

8.5.6 Measles 772 772 section 8  Infectious diseases In the normal infant, maternal IgG passes to...

8.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides 784 784 section 8  Infectious diseases is assumed to ...

8.5.8 Enterovirus infections 787 8.5.8  Enterovirus infections 787 8.5.8  Enterovirus infections...

8.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting 797 8.5.9  Virus infections causing diarrho...

8.6 Bacteria 958 8.6 Bacteria CONTENTS 8.6.1 Diphtheria  959 Delia B. Bethell and Tran Tinh Hien...

8.6.1 Diphtheria 959 8.6.1  Diphtheria 959 8.6.35 Leptospirosis  1198 Nicholas P.J. Day 8.6.36 ...

8.6.10 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma) 1051 8.6.10  Intracell...

8.6.11 Anaerobic bacteria 1055 8.6.11  Anaerobic bacteria 1055 8.6.11  Anaerobic bacteria Anilrud...

8.6.12 Cholera 1060 section 8  Infectious diseases 1060 moxifloxacin has demonstrated moderate to...

8.6.13 Haemophilus influenzae 1066 section 8  Infectious diseases 1066 other diarrhoeas) by havin...

8.6.14 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid 1071 1071 8.6.14  Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid 8.6....

8.6.15 Bordetella infection 1073 8.6.15  Bordetella infection 1073 8.6.15  Bordetella infection C...

8.6.16 Melioidosis and glanders 1076 section 8  Infectious diseases 1076 There are no agents with...

8.6.17 Plague: Yersinia pestis 1081 1081 8.6.17  Plague: Yersinia pestis Michael Prentice ESSENTI...

8.6.18 Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis 1086 section 8  Infectious diseases 1086 8.6.18  Ot...

8.6.19 Pasteurella 1088 section 8  Infectious diseases 1088 herds. This has been accomplished for...

8.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci 965 8.6.2  Streptococci and enterococci 965 diphtheria vaccine...

8.6.20 Francisella tularensis infection 1091 1091 8.6.20  Francisella tularensis infection review...

8.6.21 Anthrax 1094 section 8  Infectious diseases 1094 Meningitis should be treated with an amin...

8.6.22 Brucellosis 1102 section 8  Infectious diseases 1102 needed in great quantities. These rea...

8.6.23 Tetanus 1109 8.6.23  Tetanus 1109 Porte F, et al. (2003). Role of the Brucella suis lipopo...

8.6.24 Clostridium difficile 1115 8.6.24  Clostridium difficile 1115 Areas of uncertainty, contro...

8.6.25 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections 1120 section 8  Infect...

8.6.26 Tuberculosis 1126 section 8  Infectious diseases 1126 raw meat, and can be carried by flie...

8.6.27 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria 1150 section 8  Infectious diseases 1150 8.6....

8.6.28 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 1154 section 8  Infectious diseases 1154 little evidence to sup...

8.6.29 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection 1167 1167 8.6.29  Buruli ulcer: Mycobacteri...

8.6.3 Pneumococcal infections 975 8.6.3  Pneumococcal infections 975 Murray BE (1990). The life a...

8.6.30 Actinomycoses 1170 section 8  Infectious diseases 1170 Meyers WM (1995). Mycobacterial inf...

8.6.31 Nocardiosis 1176 section 8  Infectious diseases 1176 the lacrimal concretions that are usu...

8.6.32 Rat bite fevers (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus infection) 1179

8.6.33 Lyme borreliosis 1181 SECTION 1 Patients and their treatment Section editors: John D. Firt...

8.6.34 Relapsing fevers 1188 section 8  Infectious diseases 1188 8.6.34  Relapsing fevers David A...

8.6.35 Leptospirosis 1198 section 8  Infectious diseases 1198 8.6.35  Leptospirosis Nicholas P.J....

8.6.36 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta 1204 section...

8.6.37 Syphilis 1210 section 8  Infectious diseases 1210 Lower doses are used compared to syphili...

8.6.38 Listeriosis 1223 8.6.38  Listeriosis 1223 8.6.38  Listeriosis Herbert Hof ESSENTIALS Liste...

8.6.39 Legionellosis and Legionnaires’ disease 1226 section 8  Infectious diseases 1226 Although ...

8.6.4 Staphylococci 991 8.6.4  Staphylococci 991 Weisfelt M, et al. (2006). Pneumococcal meningit...

8.6.40 Rickettsioses 1230 section 8  Infectious diseases 1230 8.6.40  Rickettsioses Karolina Grif...

8.6.41 Scrub typhus 1252 section 8  Infectious diseases 1252 8.6.41  Scrub typhus Daniel H. Paris...

8.6.42 Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever) 1257 1257 8.6.42  Coxiella burnetii infections (Q f...

8.6.43 Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis 1262 section 8  Infectious diseases 1262 that patie...

8.6.44 Bartonella bacilliformis infection 1272 section 8  Infectious diseases 1272 Debré R, et al...

8.6.45 Chlamydial infections 1278 section 8  Infectious diseases 1278 is not promptly recognized ...

8.6.46 Mycoplasmas 1295 8.6.46  Mycoplasmas 1295 specimens. Examination of serum samples, prefera...

8.6.47 A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans 1307 8.6.47  A checklist of ba...

8.6.5 Meningococcal infections 1010 section 8  Infectious diseases 1010 Koser CU, et al. (2013). ...

8.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1025 8.6.6  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1025 third dose in the second year ...

8.6.7 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning 1032 section 8  Infectious diseases 1032 Nassif...

8.6.8 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1041 8.6.8  Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1041 8.6.8  Pseudomonas aeruginos...

8.6.9 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers 1044 section 8  Infectious diseases 1044 There is good in vi...

8.7 Fungi (mycoses) 1338

8.7.1 Fungal infections 1338 8.7 Fungi (mycoses) CONTENTS 8.7.1 Fungal infections  1338 Roderick...

8.7.2 Cryptococcosis 1359 8.7.2  Cryptococcosis 1359 8.7.2  Cryptococcosis William G. Powderly, J...

8.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis 1361 8.7.3  Coccidioidomycosis 1361 treatment. An approach similar to th...

8.7.4 Paracoccidioidomycosis 1364 section 8  Infectious diseases 1364 Central nervous system invo...

8.7.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii 1371 8.7.5  Pneumocystis jirovecii 1371 8.7.5  Pneumocystis jiroveci...

8.7.6 Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection 1375 1375 8.7.6  Talaromyces (Penicillium) ma...

8.7.7 Microsporidiosis 1378 section 8  Infectious diseases 1378 treatment is amphotericin B 0.6 m...

8.8 Protozoa 1384

8.8.1 Amoebic infections 1384 8.8 Protozoa CONTENTS 8.8.1 Amoebic infections  1384 Richard Knigh...

8.8.10 Blastocystis infection 1449 1449 concurrent malignant disease (including chronic lymphocyt...

8.8.11 Human African trypanosomiasis 1451 8.8.11  Human African trypanosomiasis 1451 Clinical fea...

8.8.12 Chagas disease 1459 8.8.12  Chagas disease 1459 New drug candidates Fexinidazole, a 5-​nit...

8.8.13 Leishmaniasis 1467 8.8.13  Leishmaniasis 1467 to divide in the blood, possibly in sequeste...

8.8.14 Trichomoniasis 1475 8.8.14  Trichomoniasis 1475 Africa with pentavalent antimonials for 30...

8.8.2 Malaria 1395 8.8.2  Malaria 1395 Shirley DA, Moonah S (2016). Fulminant amoebic colitis aft...

8.8.3 Babesiosis 1414 section 8  Infectious diseases 1414 sensitivity. When there is uncertainty,...

8.8.4 Toxoplasmosis 1416 section 8  Infectious diseases 1416 and quinine or clindamycin alone red...

8.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis 1424 section 8  Infectious diseases 1424 Robert-​Gagn...

8.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis 1432 section 8  Infectious diseases 1432 Control of transmiss...

8.8.7 Cystoisosporiasis 1436 section 8  Infectious diseases 1436 Prevention As with all other org...

8.8.8 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis) 1438 section 8  Infectious diseases 1438 Polymerase chain ...

8.8.9 Giardiasis and balantidiasis 1440 section 8  Infectious diseases 1440 Treatment There is no...

8.9 Nematodes (roundworms) 1478

8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis 1478 8.9 Nematodes (roundworms) CONTENTS 8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis  ...

8.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis 1487 8.9.2  Lymphatic filariasis 1487 Gillette-​Ferguson I, et al. (20...

8.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) 1495 8.9.3  Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) 1495 ...

8.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes 1500 section 8  Infectious ...

8.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion 1506 section 8  Infectious disease...

8.9.6 Angiostrongyliasis 1516 section 8  Infectious diseases 1516 Uncommon intestinal or tissue n...