13 - References
References
650 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 6 References
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. NICE Guideline [NG97]. 2018 (checked September 2023, last accessed December 2023); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97.
- Francis PT, et al. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 66:137–147.
- Craig LA, et al. Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1397–1409.
- Mesulam M, et al. Widely spread butyrylcholinesterase can hydrolyze acetylcholine in the normal and Alzheimer brain. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 9:88–93.
- Weinstock M. Selectivity of cholinesterase inhibition: clinical implications for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Drugs 1999; 12:307–323.
- Matsunaga S, et al. Memantine monotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123289.
- Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (online). London: BMJ and Pharmaceutical Press; http://www.medicinescomplete. com.
- Eisai Ltd. Summary of product characteristics. Aricept 5mg, 10mg tablets (donepezil). 2023; https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ product/3776/smpc.
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd. Summary of product characteristics. Exelon 4.6mg/24h, 9.5mg/24h, 13.3mg/24h transdermal patch. 2023; https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/7764/smpc.
- Sandoz Ltd. Summary of product characteristics. Rivastigmine Sandoz 1.5mg, 3mg, 4.5mg, 6mg hard capsules. 2021; https://www.medicines. org.uk/emc/product/8407/smpc.
- Takeda UK Ltd. Summary of product characteristics. Reminyl XL 8mg, 16mg, 24mg prolonged release capsules. 2022; https://www.medicines. org.uk/emc/product/3934/smpc.
- Takeda UK Ltd. Summary of product characteristics. Reminyl oral solution. 2022; https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/10337.
- Lundbeck Ltd. Summary of product characteristics. Ebixa 5mg/pump actuation oral solution, 20mg and 10 mg tablets and treatment initiation pack. 2021; https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/8222/smpc.
- NHS Prescription Services. Electronic Drug Tariff. 2020; http://www.drugtariff.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/#/00791628-DD/DD00791615/Home2020.
- Buckley JS, et al. A risk-benefit assessment of dementia medications: systematic review of the evidence. Drugs Aging 2015; 32:453–467.
- Lanctot KL, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2003; 169:557–564.
- McShane R, et al. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 3:CD003154.
- Vaci N, et al. Real-world effectiveness, its predictors and onset of action of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in dementia: retrospective health record study. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:261–267.
- Zuin M, et al. Acetyl-cholinesterase-inhibitors slow cognitive decline and decrease overall mortality in older patients with dementia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12214.
- Burns A, et al. Efficacy and safety of donepezil over 3 years: an open-label, multicentre study in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22:806–812.
- Doody RS, et al. Open-label, multicenter, phase 3 extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2001; 58:427–433.
- Farlow MR, et al. Effective pharmacologic management of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Med 2007; 120:388–397.
- O’Brien JT, et al. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:147–168.
- Singh S, et al. Discontinuation syndrome following donepezil cessation. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:282–284.
- Bidzan L, et al. Withdrawal syndrome after donepezil cessation in a patient with dementia. Neurol Sci 2012; 33:1459–1461.
- Waldemar G, et al. Tolerability of switching from donepezil to memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23:979–981.
- Massoud F, et al. Switching cholinesterase inhibitors in older adults with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2011; 23:372–378.
- Winblad B, et al. A six-month double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of a transdermal patch in Alzheimer’s disease – rivastigmine patch versus capsule. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 22:456–467.
- Zhang ZX, et al. Rivastigmine patch in Chinese patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind parallel-group study comparing rivastigmine patch (9.5 mg/24 h) with capsule (6 mg twice daily). CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:488–496.
- Morgan TM, et al. Absolute bioavailability and safety of a novel rivastigmine nasal spray in healthy elderly individuals. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:510–516.
- Knopman DS. Donepezil 23 mg: an empty suit. Neurol Clin Pract 2012; 2:352–355.
- Plosker GL. Memantine extended release (28 mg once daily): a review of its use in Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs 2015; 75:887–897.
- Deardorff WJ, et al. A fixed-dose combination of memantine extended-release and donepezil in the treatment of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3267–3279.
- Veroniki AA, et al. Comparative safety and efficacy of cognitive enhancers for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review with individual patient data network meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053012.
- Guo J, et al. Memantine, donepezil, or combination therapy – what is the best therapy for Alzheimer’s disease? A network meta-analysis. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01831.
- Parsons C, et al. Withdrawal or continuation of cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine or both, in people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 2:CD009081.
- Periclou AP, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between memantine and donepezil. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38:1389–1394.
Prescribing in older people CHAPTER 6 38. Grossberg GT, et al. Rationale for combination therapy with galantamine and memantine in Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46:17S–26S. 39. Rogers SL, et al. Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer disease: a 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Donepezil Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:1021–1031. 40. Rogers SL, et al. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Donepezil Study Group. Neurology 1998; 50:136–145. 41. Corey-Bloom J, et al. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychopharmacol 1998; 1:55–64. 42. Rosler M, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: international randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999; 318:633–638. 43. Tariot PN, et al. A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. The Galantamine USA-10 Study Group. Neurology 2000; 54:2269–2276. 44. Raskind MA, et al. Galantamine in AD: a 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. The Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Neurology 2000; 54:2261–2268. 45. Wilcock GK, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Galantamine International-1 Study Group. BMJ 2000; 321:1445–1449. 46. Pariente A, et al. Factors associated with serious adverse reactions to cholinesterase inhibitors: a study of spontaneous reporting. CNS Drugs 2010; 24:55–63. 47. Inglis F. The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2002; 127:45–63. 48. Sadowsky CH, et al. Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine transdermal patch compared with rivastigmine capsules in patients switched from donepezil: data from three clinical trials. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64:188–193. 49. Sadowsky C, et al. Switching from oral cholinesterase inhibitors to the rivastigmine transdermal patch. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16:51–60. 50. Cummings J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 48-week study for efficacy and safety of a higher-dose rivastigmine patch (15 vs. 10 cm2) in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012; 33:341–353. 51. Parsons CG, et al. Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist – a review of preclinical data. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38:735–767. 52. Reisberg B, et al. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1333–1341. 53. Jones RW. A review comparing the safety and tolerability of memantine with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 25:547–553. 54. Dunn NR, et al. Adverse effects associated with the use of donepezil in general practice in England. J Psychopharmacol 2000; 14:406–408. 55. Hashimoto M, et al. Urinary incontinence: an unrecognised adverse effect with donepezil. Lancet 2000; 356:568. 56. Kobayashi H, et al. The comparative efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31:892–904. 57. Kroger E, et al. Adverse drug reactions reported with cholinesterase inhibitors: an analysis of 16 years of individual case safety reports from VigiBase. Ann Pharmacother 2015; 49:1197–1206. 58. FDA Alert for Healthcare Professionals. Galantamine hydrobromide (marketed as Razadyne, formerly Reminyl). 2005; https://www.fda.gov/ Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm109350.htm. 59. Malone DM, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors and cardiovascular disease: a survey of old age psychiatrists’ practice. Age Ageing 2007; 36:331–333. 60. NHS Yorkshire and Humber Clinical Networks. The assessment of cardiac status before prescribing acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia. Version 1. 2016; http://www.yhscn.nhs.uk/media/PDFs/mhdn/Dementia/ECG%20Documents/ACHEIGuidance%20V1_Final.pdf. 61. Rowland JP, et al. Cardiovascular monitoring with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: a clinical protocol. Adv Psychiatric Treat 2007; 13:178–184. 62. Young S, et al. Cardiovascular complications of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2021; 25:170–177. 63. Rosenbloom MH, et al. Donepezil-associated bradyarrhythmia in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2010; 24:209–211. 64. Howes LG. Cardiovascular effects of drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Saf 2014; 37:391–395. 65. Farlow MR, et al. Memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: tolerability and safety data from clinical trials. Drug Saf 2008; 31:577–585. 66. Babai S, et al. Comparison of adverse drug reactions with donepezil versus memantine: analysis of the French pharmacovigilance database. Therapie 2010; 65:255–259. 67. Dooley M, et al. Donepezil: a review of its use in Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs Aging 2000; 16:199–226. 68. Scott LJ, et al. Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs 2000; 60:1095–1122. 69. Grossberg GT, et al. Lack of adverse pharmacodynamic drug interactions with rivastigmine and twenty-two classes of medications. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15:242–247. 70. Tavassoli N, et al. Drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors: an analysis of the French pharmacovigilance database and a comparison of two national drug formularies (Vidal, British National Formulary). Drug Saf 2007; 30:1063–1071. 71. Noetzli M, et al. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic aspects of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 52:225–241. 72. Pasqualetti G, et al. Potential drug-drug interactions in Alzheimer patients with behavioral symptoms. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:1457–1466.
652 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 6 73. Medicines Complete. Stockley’s drug interactions. 2023; https://www.medicinescomplete.com/. 74. Merative US LP. Micromedex. 2023; https://www.micromedexsolutions.com/home/dispatch/. 75. Howard R, et al. Donepezil and memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:893–903. 76. Howard R, et al. Nursing home placement in the Donepezil and Memantine in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer’s Disease (DOMINO-AD) trial: secondary and post-hoc analyses. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:1171–1181. 77. Li DQ, et al. Donepezil combined with natural hirudin improves the clinical symptoms of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a 20-week open-label pilot study. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:248–255. 78. Di Santo SG, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine in relation to severity of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 35:349–361. 79. Parsons C. Withdrawal of antidementia drugs in older people: who, when and how? Drugs Aging 2016; 33:545–556. 80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. NICE Guideline [NG97]. 2018 (checked September 2023, last accessed December 2023); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ ng97. 81. Birks J, et al. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2:CD003120. 82. Tan MS, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:589–603. 83. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Technology Appraisal [TA217]. 2011 (last updated June 2018, last accessed December 2023); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ ta217. 84. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Medicines optimisation: the safe and effective use of medicines to enable the best possible outcomes. NICE Guideline [NG5]. 2015 (checked March 2019, last accessed January 2024); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ ng52015. 85. Fan F, et al. The efficacy and safety of Alzheimer’s disease therapies: an updated umbrella review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1195–1204. 86. Bent S, et al. Spontaneous bleeding associated with ginkgo biloba: a case report and systematic review of the literature: a case report and systematic review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20:657–661. 87. Gil Martínez V, et al. Vitamin supplementation and dementia: a systematic review. Nutrients 2022; 14:1033. 88. Burckhardt M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 4:CD009002. 89. Wang Y, et al. Ginseng for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:529–536. 90. Ghassab-Abdollahi N, et al. The effects of Huperzine A on dementia and mild cognitive impairment: an overview of systematic reviews. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4971–4987. 91. Yue J, et al. Huperzine A for mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12:CD008827. 92. Hao Z, et al. Huperzine A for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2:CD007365. 93. Ayati Z, et al. Saffron for mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:333. 94. Gavrilova SI, et al. Cerebrolysin in the therapy of mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: 30 years of clinical use. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2775–2803. 95. Cui S, et al. Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 11:CD008900. 96. Moreira A, et al. Chocolate consumption is associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:85–93. 97. Burckhardt M, et al. Souvenaid for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12:CD011679. 98. Galimberti D, et al. Idalopirdine as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:981–987. 99. Matsunaga S, et al. Efficacy and safety of idalopirdine for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Psychogeriatr 2019; 31:1627–1633. 100. Jordan F, et al. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4:CD011459. 101. La AL, et al. Long-term trazodone use and cognition: a potential therapeutic role for slow-wave sleep enhancers. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:911–921. 102. Brauer R, et al. Trazodone use and risk of dementia: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002728. 103. Sommerlad A, et al. Effect of trazodone on cognitive decline in people with dementia: cohort study using UK routinely collected data. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 37:doi: 10.1002/gps.5625. 104. Coupland C, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study. BMJ 2011; 343:d4551. 105. Halliday M, et al. Repurposed drugs targeting eIF2alpha-P-mediated translational repression prevent neurodegeneration in mice. Brain 2017; 140:1768–1783. 106. Sauder C, et al. Effectiveness of KarXT (xanomeline-trospium) for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: post hoc analyses from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:491. 107. Khan H, et al. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomolecules 2019; 10:59. 108. Yu TW, et al. Novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: an updated review. Int JMol Sci 2021; 22:8208. 109. Schneider L. A resurrection of aducanumab for Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:111–112. 110. The Lancet. Lecanemab for Alzheimer’s disease: tempering hype and hope. Lancet 2022; 400:1899. 111. Van Dyck CH, et al. Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:9–21. 112. Jönsson L, et al. The affordability of lecanemab, an amyloid-targeting therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: an EADC-EC viewpoint. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2023; 29:100657.
Prescribing in older people CHAPTER 6 113. Sims JR, et al. Donanemab in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease: the TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2023; 330:512–527. 114. Ramanan VK, et al. Antiamyloid monoclonal antibody therapy for Alzheimer disease: emerging issues in neurology. Neurology 2023; 101:842–852. 115. Monteiro C, et al. Randomized phase II study of the safety and efficacy of semorinemab in participants with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease: Lauriet. Neurology 2023; 101:e1391–e1401. 116. Kavirajan H, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:782–792. 117. Wang J, et al. Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: possible mechanism and strategy of treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:879–888. 118. Bocti C, et al. Management of dementia with a cerebrovascular component. Alzheimers Dementia 2007; 3:398–403. 119. Demaerschalk BM, et al. Treatment of vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment. Neurologist 2007; 13:37–41. 120. Baskys A, et al. Pharmacological prevention and treatment of vascular dementia: approaches and perspectives. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:887–891. 121. McGuinness B, et al. Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 1:CD003160. 122. Battle CE, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for vascular dementia and other vascular cognitive impairments: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 2:CD013306. 123. Jin BR, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers for treating vascular cognitive impairment: systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:805–816. 124. Wild R, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 3:CD003672. 125. Taylor JP, et al. New evidence on the management of Lewy body dementia. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:157–169. 126. McKeith IG, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2017; 89:88–100. 127. Newcastle University. Management of Lewy body dementia summary sheet. Diamond Lewy. 2019; https://research.ncl.ac.uk/media/sites/ researchwebsites/diamond-lewy/One%20page%20symptom%20LBD%20management%20summaries.pdf. 128. Russ TC, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9:CD009132. 129. Cooper C, et al. Treatment for mild cognitive impairment: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 203:255–264. 130. Matsunaga S, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors for mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:513–523. 131. Kasper S, et al. Management of mild cognitive impairment (MCI): the need for national and international guidelines. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:579–594. 132. Petersen RC, et al. Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment. Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2018; 90:126–135. 133. Nardell M, et al. Pharmacological treatments for frontotemporal dementias: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:123–132. 134. Boeve BF, et al. Advances and controversies in frontotemporal dementia: diagnosis, biomarkers, and therapeutic considerations. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:258–272. 135. Li Y, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for rarer dementias associated with neurological conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 3:CD009444.
No comments to display
No comments to display