Skip to main content

23 - References

References

676 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 6 References

  1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. NICE Guidance [NG97]. 2018 (last checked September 2023, last accessed December 2023); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97.
  2. Steinberg M, et al. Point and 5-­year period prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23:170–177.
  3. Salzman C, et al. Elderly patients with dementia-­related symptoms of severe agitation and aggression: consensus statement on treatment options, clinical trials methodology, and policy. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:889–898.
  4. Department of Health. The use of antipsychotic medication for people with dementia: time for action. A report for the Minister of State for Care Services by Professor Sube Banerjee. 2009; https://psychrights.org/research/digest/nlps/banerjeereportongeriatricneurolepticuse.pdf.
  5. Livingston G, et al. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-­effectiveness of sensory, psychological and behavioural interventions for managing agitation in older adults with dementia. Health Technol Assess 2014; 18:1–226, v–vi.
  6. Kales HC, et al. Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. BMJ 2015; 350:h369.
  7. James IA. Understanding Behaviour in Dementia That Challenges: A Guide to Assessment and Treatment. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2011.
  8. Brechin D, et al. British Psychological Society. Briefing paper. Alternatives to antipsychotic medication: psychological approaches in managing psychological and behavioural distress in people with dementia. 2013; https://explore.bps.org.uk/content/report-­guideline/bpsrep.2013. inf207.
  9. Douglas S, et al. Non-­pharmacological interventions in dementia. Adv Psychiatric Treat 2004; 10:171–177.
  10. Ayalon L, et  al. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:2182–2188.
  11. Livingston G, et al. Systematic review of psychological approaches to the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1996–2021.
  12. Abraha I, et al. Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-­pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia. The SENATOR-­OnTop series. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e012759.
  13. Dyer SM, et al. An overview of systematic reviews of pharmacological and non-­pharmacological interventions for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30:295–309.
  14. Chen H, et al. Effects of animal-­assisted therapy on patients with dementia: a systematic review and meta-­analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res 2022; 314:114619.
  15. Santagata F, et al. The doll therapy as a first line treatment for behavioral and psychologic symptoms of dementia in nursing homes residents: a randomized, controlled study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:545.
  16. Guu TW, et al. Light, sleep-­wake rhythm, and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in care home patients: revisiting the sundowning syndrome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 37:10.
  17. Kolberg E, et al. The effects of bright light treatment on affective symptoms in people with dementia: a 24-­week cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:377.
  18. Steichele K, et al. The effects of exercise programs on cognition, activities of daily living, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in community-­ dwelling people with dementia – a systematic review. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:97.
  19. Ball EL, et al. Aromatherapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 8:CD003150.
  20. Husebo BS, et al. Efficacy of treating pain to reduce behavioural disturbances in residents of nursing homes with dementia: cluster randomised clinical trial. BMJ 2011; 343:d4065.
  21. Manietta C, et  al. Algorithm-­based pain management for people with dementia in nursing homes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 4:CD013339.
  22. Brown R, et al. Opioids for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 5:CD009705.
  23. Lee PE, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: systematic review. BMJ 2004; 329:75.
  24. Jeste DV, et al. Atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia or schizophrenia: review of recent literature. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2005; 13:340–351.
  25. Jeste DV, et al. ACNP White Paper: update on use of antipsychotic drugs in elderly persons with dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:957–970.
  26. Aupperle P. Management of aggression, agitation, and psychosis in dementia: focus on atypical antipsychotics. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006; 21:101–108.
  27. Yury CA, et al. Meta-­analysis of the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of behavioural problems in persons with dementia. Psychother Psychosom 2007; 76:213–218.
  28. Deberdt WG, et al. Comparison of olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of psychosis and associated behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 13:722–730.
  29. Schneider LS, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-­analysis of randomized, placebo-­controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:191–210.
  30. Anon. How safe are antipsychotics in dementia? Drug Ther Bull 2007; 45:81–86.
  31. Rosack J. Side-­effect risk often tempers antipsychotic use for dementia. Psychiatr News 2006; 41:1–38.
  32. Schneider LS, et al. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-­analysis of randomized placebo-­controlled trials. JAMA 2005; 294:1934–1943.

Prescribing in older people CHAPTER 6 33. Bessey LJ, et al. Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:66. 34. Ballard C, et al. The effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of aggression and psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1:CD003476. 35. Stahl SM. Mechanism of action of brexpiprazole: comparison with aripiprazole. CNS Spectr 2016; 21:1–6. 36. Lee D, et  al. Brexpiprazole for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:1307–1316. 37. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first drug to treat agitation symptoms associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. 2023 (last accessed January 2024); https://www.fda.gov/news-­events/press-­announcements/fda-­approves-­first-­drug-­treat-­agitation-­symptoms- ­associated-­dementia-­due-­alzheimers-­disease. 38. Gov.UK. PhVWP assessment report: antipsychotics and cerebrovascular accident. 2005; https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ antipsychotic-­medicines-­licensed-­products-­uses-­and-­side-­effects. 39. Duff G. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and stroke  – Committee on Safety of Medicines. 2004; https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov. uk/20141206131857/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/pl-­p/documents/websiteresources/con019488.pdf. 40. US Food and Drug Administration. Information on conventional antipsychotics – FDA alert [6/16/2008]. 2008; http://www.fda.gov/. 41. European Medicines Agency. CHMP assessment report on conventional antipsychotics. 2008; http://www.emea.europa.eu. 42. Huybrechts KF, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ 2012; 344:e977. 43. Kales HC, et al. Risk of mortality among individual antipsychotics in patients with dementia. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:71–79. 44. Schmedt N, et  al. Comparative risk of death in older adults treated with antipsychotics: a population-­based cohort study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1390–1400. 45. Maust DT, et al. Antipsychotics, other psychotropics, and the risk of death in patients with dementia: number needed to harm. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:438–445. 46. Yunusa I, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-­analysis. JAMA Network Open 2019; 2:e190828. 47. Tampi RR, et  al. Prazosin for the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Drugs Context 2022; 11;2022-­3-­3. 48. Corbett A, et al. Don’t use antipsychotics routinely to treat agitation and aggression in people with dementia. BMJ 2014; 349:g6420. 49. Janssen-­Cilag Ltd. Summary of product characteristics. RISPERDAL CONSTA 25mg, 37.5mg, 50mg powder and solvent for prolonged-­ release suspension for injection. 2022 (last accessed December 2023); https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1690/smpc#gref. 50. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (online). London: BMJ and Pharmaceutical Press; http://www.medicinescomplete.com. 51. Katz IR, et al. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia: a randomized, double-­blind trial. Risperidone Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:107–115. 52. Kyle K, et al. Treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 75:55–62. 53. Brodaty H, et al. Antipsychotic deprescription for older adults in long-­term care: the HALT Study. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 19:592–600.e597. 54. Ballard C, et al. The Dementia Antipsychotic Withdrawal Trial (DART-­AD): long-­term follow-­up of a randomised placebo-­controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:151–157. 55. Gedde MH, et al. Less is more: the impact of deprescribing psychotropic drugs on behavioral and psychological symptoms and daily functioning in nursing home patients. results from the cluster-­randomized controlled COSMOS Trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:304–315. 56. Cossette B, et al. Optimizing practices, use, care, and services-­antipsychotics (OPUS-­AP) in long-­term care centers in Quebec, Canada: a successful scale-­up. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2022; 23:1084–1089. 57. NHS PrescQIPP. T7: reducing antipsychotic prescribing in dementia. 2014; https://www.prescqipp.info/our-­resources/bulletins/t7-­reducing-­ antipsychotic-­prescribing-­in-­dementia/. 58. Bjerre LM, et al. Deprescribing antipsychotics for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and insomnia: evidence-­based clinical practice guideline. Can Fam Physician 2018; 64:17–27. 59. Campbell N, et al. Impact of cholinesterase inhibitors on behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-­analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2008; 3:719–728. 60. Seibert M, et al. Efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease and for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in older patients with moderate and severe functional impairments: a systematic review of controlled trials. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:131. 61. Verdoux H, et al. Is benzodiazepine use a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia? A literature review of epidemiological studies. Psychol Med 2005; 35:307–315. 62. Lagnaoui R, et al. Benzodiazepine utilization patterns in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003; 12:511–515. 63. Billioti de Gage S, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: prospective population based study. BMJ 2012; 345:e6231. 64. Taipale H, et al. Risk of pneumonia associated with incident benzodiazepine use among community-­dwelling adults with Alzheimer disease. CMAJ 2017; 189:e519–e529. 65. Palmaro A, et al. Benzodiazepines and risk of death: results from two large cohort studies in France and UK. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1566–1577. 66. Chang CM, et al. Benzodiazepine and risk of hip fractures in older people: a nested case-­control study in Taiwan. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16:686–692.

678 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 6 67. Aboukhatwa M, et al. Antidepressants are a rational complementary therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 2010; 5:10. 68. Burley CV, et al. Nonpharmacological approaches reduce symptoms of depression in dementia: a systematic review and meta-­analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101669. 69. Porsteinsson AP, et  al. Effect of citalopram on agitation in Alzheimer disease: the CitAD randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 311:682–691. 70. Martinon-­Torres G, et al. Trazodone for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4:CD004990. 71. McCleery J, et al. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 11:CD009178. 72. Trieu C, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for symptoms of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review. Cogn Behav Neurol 2020; 33:1–15. 73. Scoralick FM, et al. Mirtazapine does not improve sleep disorders in Alzheimer’s disease: results from a double-­blind, placebo-­controlled pilot study. Psychogeriatrics 2017; 17:89–96. 74. Banerjee S, et al. Study of mirtazapine for agitated behaviours in dementia (SYMBAD): a randomised, double-­blind, placebo-­controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 398:1487–1497. 75. Cumbo E, et al. Treatment effects of vortioxetine on cognitive functions in mild Alzheimer’s disease patients with depressive symptoms: a 12 month, open-­label, observational study. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2019; 6:192–197. 76. Jeong HW, et al. Vortioxetine treatment for depression in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, double-­blind, placebo-­controlled study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2022; 20:311–319. 77. Santos García D, et al. Vortioxetine improves depressive symptoms and cognition in Parkinson’s disease patients with major depression: an open-­label prospective study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1466. 78. Ballard C, et al. Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia. CNS Drugs 2010; 24:729–739. 79. Wang YC, et al. Increased risk of dementia in patients with antidepressants: a meta-­analysis of observational studies. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:5315098. 80. Sommer OH, et al. Effect of oxcarbazepine in the treatment of agitation and aggression in severe dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009; 27:155–163. 81. Tariot PN, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of carbamazepine for agitation and aggression in dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:54–61. 82. Lonergan E, et al. Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3:CD003945. 83. Konovalov S, et al. Anticonvulsants for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a literature review. Int Psychogeriatr 2008; 20:293–308. 84. Yeh YC, et al. Mood stabilizers for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: an update review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:185–193. 85. Sival RC, et al. Sodium valproate in aggressive behaviour in dementia: a twelve-­week open label follow-­up study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19:305–312. 86. Baillon SF, et al. Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10:CD003945. 87. Tariot PN, et al. Chronic divalproex sodium to attenuate agitation and clinical progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68:853–861. 88. Supasitthumrong T, et al. Gabapentin and pregabalin to treat aggressivity in dementia: a systematic review and illustrative case report. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:690–703. 89. Cooney C, et al. Use of low-­dose gabapentin for aggressive behavior in vascular and mixed vascular/Alzheimer dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 25:120–125. 90. Gallagher D, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of agitation and aggression in dementia: do they have a place in therapy? Drugs 2014; 74:1747–1755. 91. David R, et al. Non-­pharmacologic management of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2010; 14:203–206. 92. Javed B, et al. Pharmacological and non-­pharmacological treatment options for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:501–514. 93. McCleery J, et al. Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 11:CD009178. 94. Roland JP, et al. Impact of pharmacotherapy on insomnia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Drugs Aging 2021; 38:951–966. 95. Bishara D, et  al. Anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) of drugs commonly used in older people. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:650–656. 96. Porsteinsson AP, et al. An update on the advancements in the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:611–620. 97. Carrarini C, et  al. Agitation and dementia: prevention and treatment strategies in acute and chronic conditions. Front Neurol 2021; 12:644317. 98. Savaskan E, et al. Treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-­analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30:285–293. 99. Tariot PN, et al. Trial of pimavanserin in dementia-­related psychosis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:309–319. 100. DeKarske D, et al. An open-­label, 8-­week study of safety and efficacy of pimavanserin treatment in adults with Parkinson’s disease and depression. J Parkinsons Dis 2020; 10:1751–1761. 101. ClinicalTrials.gov. ITI-­007 for the treatment of agitation in patients with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease [NCT02817906]. 2021; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02817906.

Prescribing in older people CHAPTER 6 102. Tampi RR, et al. Evidence for using dextromethorphan-­quinidine for the treatment of agitation in dementia. World J Psychiatry 2020; 10:29–33. 103. Ahmed M, et al. Current agents in development for treating behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia. Drugs Aging 2019; 36:589–605. 104. Lanctôt KL, et al. Heterogeneity of response to methylphenidate in apathetic patients in the ADMET 2 Trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 31:1077–1087. 105. Chen A, et al. The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program: an update on management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113641. 106. Bosnjak Kuharic D, et al. Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 9:CD012820.