45 - References

References

Addictions and substance misuse CHAPTER 4 ­cannot be co-­administered. Haloperidol should not be used because of the risk of dystonia. Early review regarding continuation is important as for most patients their symptoms resolve within 2 or 3 weeks, and there is no evidence to support the benefit of prophylactic prescription of antipsychotics in methamphetamine-­related psychosis.26 Stimulant-­associated depression Anhedonia can be profound in early abstinence from stimulants. For many, low mood will resolve in line with duration of abstinence and supportive psychosocial interventions.19 For those in whom it endures psychological treatments are effective but may be difficult for addiction patients to access because of institutional barriers.2 Antidepressants have primarily been evaluated as treatment for the substance dependence itself, with depression as a secondary outcome. There is some evidence for TCAs in reducing depressive symptoms.27 However, TCAs are not recommended in those with on-­going comorbid substance misuse because of their cardiotoxicity.28 There is no ­evidence to support the use of SSRIs and indeed these are associated with significant interactions with stimulants19 and increased disengagement.2 References

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5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Treatment of stimulant use disorders. SAMSHA publication PEP 20-­06-­01-­001. 2020; https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep20-­06-­01-­001.pdf.
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13. Stoops WW, et al. Agonist replacement for stimulant dependence: a review of clinical research. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:7026–7035.
14. Department of Health and Social Care. Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. 2017; https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/drug-­misuse-­and-­dependence-­uk-­guidelines-­on-­clinical-­management.
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16. Rohner H, et al. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among substance use disorder (SUD) populations: meta-­ analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1275.
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19. Edmundson C, et al. Recent increases in crack injection and associated risk factors among people who inject psychoactive drugs in England and Wales. Int J Drug Policy 2023:104262.
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536 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 4 23. Isoardi KZ, et al. Methamphetamine presentations to an emergency department: management and complications. Emerg Med Australas 2019; 31:593–599. 24. Voce A, et al. A systematic review of the symptom profile and course of methamphetamine-­associated psychosis(substance use and misuse). Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:549–559. 25. Temmingh HS, et al. Methamphetamine use and antipsychotic-­related extrapyramidal side-­effects in patients with psychotic disorders. J Dual Diagn 2020; 16:208–217. 26. Shoptaw SJ, et al. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 1:CD003026. 27. Pani PP, et al. Antidepressants for cocaine dependence and problematic cocaine use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 12:CD002950. 28. Lingford-­Hughes AR, et al. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-­based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:899–952.