24 - References

References

354 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 3 References

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13. Kennedy N, et al. Treatment and response in refractory depression: results from a specialist affective disorders service. J Affect Disord 2004; 81:49–53. Table 3.5  (Continued) Treatment* Comments SSRI + buspirone47,48 Up to 60mg/day Higher doses required poorly tolerated (dizziness common) SSRI + TCA49 Formerly widely used Stimulants amfetamine; methylphenidate Varied outcomes. See section on stimulants in depression in this chapter. TCA – high dose50 Formerly widely used. Cardiac monitoring essential Testosterone gel34,51 Effective in those with low testosterone levels Tianeptine52,53 25–50mg/day Tiny database. Tianeptine not available in many countries. Potential for misuse.54 Tryptophan55–58 2–3g three times a day Long history of successful use Venlafaxine59-­62

200mg/day Nausea and vomiting; discontinuation reactions more common. BP monitoring essential. Venlafaxine – very high dose (up to 600mg/day)63 See above. Cardiac monitoring essential. Venlafaxine + IV clomipramine64 Cardiac monitoring essential Zinc65 25mg Zn+/day One RCT (n = 60) showed good results in refractory depression. A few other small studies.66 * Other non-­drug treatments are available, including various psychological approaches, rTMS, VNS, deep brain stimulation and psychosurgery. Discussion of these treatments is beyond the scope of this book. CYP, cytochrome P450; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor; NMDA, N-­methyl-­D-­ aspartate; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.

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