89 - References

References

Depression and anxiety disorders CHAPTER 3 10. Movig KL, et  al. Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-­control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53:363–369. 11. Kirby D, et al. Hyponatraemia and selective serotonin re-­uptake inhibitors in elderly patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16:484–493. 12. Gheysens T, et al. The risk of antidepressant-­induced hyponatremia: a meta-­analysis of antidepressant classes and compounds. Eur Psychiatry 2024; 67:e20. 13. Mercier S, et al. [Severe hyponatremia induced by moclobemide]. Therapie 1997; 52:82–83. 14. Peterson JC, et al. Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secondary to a monamine oxidase inhibitor. JAMA 1978; 239:1422–1423. 15. Seifert J, et al. Psychotropic drug-­induced hyponatremia: results from a drug surveillance program-­an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1249–1264. 16. Liew ED, et  al. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with desvenlafaxine. Int J Clin Pharm 2014; 36:253–255. 17. Das S, et al. Dose dependent hyponatremia caused by vilazodone: a case report. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 43:213. 18. Mannheimer B, et al. Time-­dependent association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and hospitalization due to hyponatremia. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:928–933. 19. Kwadijk-­de GS, et al. Variation in the CYP2D6 gene is associated with a lower serum sodium concentration in patients on antidepressants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 68:221–225. 20. Stedman CA, et  al. Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype does not predict SSRI (fluoxetine or paroxetine) induced hyponatraemia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002; 17:187–190. 21. Rochoy M, et al. [Antidepressive agents and hyponatremia: a literature review and a case/non-­case study in the French Pharmacovigilance database]. Therapie 2018; 73:389–398. 22. Mazhar F, et al. Association of hyponatraemia and antidepressant drugs: a pharmacovigilance-­pharmacodynamic assessment through an analysis of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:581–592. 23. Revol R, et al. [Hyponatremia associated with SSRI/NRSI: descriptive and comparative epidemiological study of the incidence rates of the notified cases from the data of the French National Pharmacovigilance Database and the French National Health Insurance]. Encephale 2018; 44:291–296. 24. Nagashima T, et al. Identifying antidepressants less likely to cause hyponatremia: triangulation of retrospective cohort, disproportionality, and pharmacodynamic studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:1258–1267. 25. Leth-­Moller KB, et al. Antidepressants and the risk of hyponatremia: a Danish register-­based population study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011200. 26. Moscona-­Nissan A Sr, et al. Mirtazapine risk of hyponatremia and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in adult and elderly patients: a systematic review. Cureus 2021; 13:e20823. 27. Dirks AC, et al. Recurrent hyponatremia after substitution of citalopram with duloxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27:313. 28. Pinkhasov A, et al. Management of SIADH-­related hyponatremia due to psychotropic medications: an expert consensus from the Association of Medicine and Psychiatry. J Psychosom Res 2021; 151:110654. 29. Arinzon ZH, et al. Delayed recurrent SIADH associated with SSRIs. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36:1175–1177. 30. Lane NE, et al. Hyponatremia-­associated hospital visits are not reduced by early electrolyte testing in older adults starting antidepressants. J Am Geriatr Soc 2024; 72:1770–1780. 31. Bavbek N, et al. Recurrent hyponatremia associated with citalopram and mirtazapine. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48:e61–e62. 32. Varela Piñón M, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-­induced hyponatremia: clinical implications and therapeutic alternatives. Clin Neuropharmacol 2017; 40:177–179. 33. Shepshelovich D, et al. Medication-­induced SIADH: distribution and characterization according to medication class. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:1801–1807.

420 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 3 Table 3.15  Reported associations between antidepressants and increased prolactin. Drug/group Prospective studies Case reports/series Agomelatine No mention of prolactin changes in clinical trials8 Melatonin itself may inhibit prolactin production9 None Bupropion Single doses of up to 100mg seem not to affect prolactin10 May decrease prolactin11 None Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Small mean changes observed with phenelzine11 and tranylcypromine12 Very occasional reports of increased prolactin11 Mirtazapine Strong evidence that mirtazapine has no effect on prolactin13 Occasional reports of galactorrhoea14 and gynaecomastia15 SNRIs Clear association observed between venlafaxine and duloxetine and prolactin elevation16–18 Galactorrhoea reported with venlafaxine19,20 and duloxetine.21,22 Duloxetine-­linked hyperprolactinaemia has been treated with aripiprazole.16 SSRIs Prospective studies generally show no change in prolactin.23–25 Some evidence from prescription event monitoring that SSRIs are associated with higher risk of non-­puerperal lactation.26 In a French study, 1.6% of adverse event reports for SSRIs were of hyperprolactinaemia.3 Galactorrhoea reported with fluoxetine,6,27 paroxetine,28–30 sertraline31 and fluvoxamine30 Euprolactinaemic galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea32 reported with escitalopram33 and fluvoxamine34 Hyperprolactinaemia reported with sertraline7,35 Tricyclics Small mean changes seen in some studies11,36,37 but no changes in others11,38 Symptomatic hyperprolactinaemia reported with imipramine,33 dosulepin39 and clomipramine40,41 Galactorrhoea reported with nortriptyline42 and when trazodone was added to citalopram43 Raised prolactin may be linked to response to amitriptyline36,44 Vortioxetine No mention of prolactin changes in clinical trials45 None One review suggests ‘probable relation between vortioxetine and galactorrhoea’46 Antidepressants and hyperprolactinaemia Prolactin release is controlled by endogenous dopamine but is also indirectly modulated by serotonin via stimulation of 5HT1C and 5HT2 receptors.1,2 Long-­standing increased plasma prolactin (with or without symptoms) is very occasionally seen with antidepressant use.3 Where antidepressant-­induced hyperprolactinaemia does occur, rises in prolactin are usually small and short-­lived,4 so symptoms are very rare. There is no association between SSRI use and breast cancer.5 Routine monitoring of prolactin is not recommended but where symptoms suggest the possibility of hyperprolactinaemia then measurement of plasma prolactin is essential. Where symptomatic hyperprolactinaemia is confirmed, a switch to mirtazapine is recommended (see below), although there is also evidence that switching to an alternative SSRI can resolve symptoms.6,7 Some details of associations between antidepressants and increased prolactin are given in Table 3.15.