Skip to main content

37 - References

References

530 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 4 References

  1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. NICE guideline [NG209]. 2021 (last updated 2023, last accessed March 2024); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng209.
  2. Lindson N, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-­analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 9:CD015226.
  3. Tidey JW, et al. Smoking cessation and reduction in people with chronic mental illness. BMJ 2015; 351:h4065.
  4. Hajek P, et al. Dependence potential of nicotine replacement treatments: effects of product type, patient characteristics, and cost to user. Prev Med 2007; 44:230–234.
  5. Theodoulou A, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 6:CD013308.
  6. Henningfield JE, et al. Pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55:281–299; quiz 322–323, 325.
  7. Williams JM, et al. Increased nicotine and cotinine levels in smokers with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder is not a metabolic effect. Schizophr Res 2005; 79:323–335.
  8. Henningfield JE, et al. Drinking coffee and carbonated beverages blocks absorption of nicotine from nicotine polacrilex gum. JAMA 1990; 264:1560–1564.
  9. Mayer B. How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-­experiments in the nineteenth century. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:5–7.
  10. Livingstone-­Banks J, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 5:CD006103.
  11. Cahill K, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016:CD006103.
  12. Howes S, et al. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4:CD000031.
  13. Roberts E, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in adults with serious mental illness: a systematic review and network meta-­analysis. Addiction 2016; 111:599–612.
  14. Siskind DJ, et al. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review, meta-­analysis, and network meta-­analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:762–774. Table 4.22  Treatment algorithm for people not making an attempt to stop, i.e. those people temporarily abstaining or aiming to reduce their cigarette consumption. Those who are unwilling or feel unable to quit should be encouraged to minimise harm and substitute nicotine from tobacco cigarettes with either combination NRT or a vaping device Combination NRT Vaping devices For people who smoke more than 20 cigarettes/day or who smoke within 30 minutes of waking up: Start 21mg (24-­hour) or 25mg (16-­hour) patch and an oral/nasal NRT product of the person’s choice Continue to offer NRT products even if met with initial refusal Smokers should have fingertip control over NRT products at times of craving.   The dose of nicotine a vaper extracts from a vaping device varies depending on the device, the volume of e-­liquid, other ingredients in the liquid and the frequency, size and depth of inhalation. The more dependent a smoker is, the higher the strength of nicotine is recommended. A rough guide is that smokers of 20 tobacco cigarettes/ day may require up to 20mg of nicotine/day. Smokers should have fingertip control over their vaping device at times of craving. Similar to NRT, people who smoke should be encouraged to regularly use a vaping device between smoking episodes to promote smoke-­free intervals. For people who smoke less than 20 cigarettes/day and do not smoke within 30 minutes of waking up: Start 14mg (24-­hour) or 15mg (16-­hour) patch and/or an oral/nasal NRT product of the person’s choice Continue to offer NRT products even if met with initial refusal Smokers should have fingertip control over NRT products at times of craving. There are currently no medicinally licensed nicotine vaping devices and therefore it is not possible to prescribe them in most countries. Practitioners should consult local smoke-­free policies to establish which type of vaping device is permitted in individual mental health in-­patient settings and how to access them.

Addictions and substance misuse CHAPTER 4 15. Anthenelli RM, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-­blind, randomised, placebo-­controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2016; 387:2507–2520. 16. Hajizadeh A, et al. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 5:CD000031. 17. Giasson-­Gariepy K, et al. A case of hypomania during nicotine cessation treatment with bupropion. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2013; 8:22. 18. Care Quality Commission. Brief guide: the use of ‘blanket restrictions’ in mental health wards. 2020; https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/ files/20191125_900767_briefguide-­blanket_restrictions_mental_health_wards_v3.pdf. 19. Health and Social Care. Using electronic cigarettes in NHS mental health organisations. 2020; https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ e-­cigarettes-­use-­by-­patients-­in-­nhs-­mental-­health-­organisations/using-­electronic-­cigarettes-­in-­nhs-­mental-­health-­organisations. 20. NHS England. Long term plan. 2019; https://www.longtermplan.nhs.uk/wp-­content/uploads/2019/08/nhs-­long-­term-­plan-­version-­1.2.pdf. 21. McNeill A, et al. Vaping in England: an evidence update including mental health and pregnancy, March 2020: a report commissioned by Public Health England. London: Public Health England. 2020; https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/869401/Vaping_in_England_evidence_update_March_2020.pdf. 22. Gov.UK. Research and analysis. Nicotine vaping in England: 2022 evidence update main findings. 2022; https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/nicotine-­vaping-­in-­england-­2022-­evidence-­update/nicotine-­vaping-­in-­england-­2022-­evidence-­update-­main-­findings. 23. Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine without smoke: tobacco harm reduction. A report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. 2016; https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-­without-­smoke-­tobacco-­harm-­reduction-­0. 24. Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment (COT). Statement on the potential toxicological risks from electronic nicotine (and non-­nicotine) delivery systems (E(N)NDS – e-­cigarettes). 2020; https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2020- ­09/COT%20E%28N%29NDS%20statement%202020-­04.pdf.

No comments to display

Back to top