Skip to main content

205 - References

References

208 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 1 Lumateperone and pimavanserin are not listed in the table because of their limited availability. Both drugs cause few or no EPSEs or akathisa, have no effect on prolactin or blood pressure and cause minimal weight gain and metabolic disturbance.70,71 Pimvanserin prolongs QT,72 whereas lumateperone seems to have no effect on the ECG.73 To see the relative effect of all antipsychotics on these parameters, please see the Psymatik Treatment Optimizer.74 References

  1. Stanniland C, et al. Tolerability of atypical antipsychotics. Drug Saf 2000; 22:195–214.
  2. Tarsy D, et al. Effects of newer antipsychotics on extrapyramidal function. CNS Drugs 2002; 16:23–45.
  3. Caroff SN, et al. Movement disorders associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 Suppl 4:12–19.
  4. Lemmens P, et al. A combined analysis of double-­blind studies with risperidone vs. placebo and other antipsychotic agents: factors associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999; 99:160–170.
  5. Taylor DM. Aripiprazole: a review of its pharmacology and clinical use. Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57:49–54.
  6. Meltzer HY, et al. Lurasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-­blind, placebo-­ and olanzapine-­controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:957–967.
  7. Garnock-­Jones KP. Cariprazine: a review in schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:513–525.
  8. Garnock-­Jones KP. Brexpiprazole: a review in schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:335–342.
  9. Buckley PF. Efficacy of quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: a combined analysis of three placebo-­controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20:1357–1363.
  10. Pringsheim T, et al. The assessment and treatment of antipsychotic-­induced akathisia. Can J Psychiatry 2018; 63:719–729.
  11. Rettenbacher MA, et al. Early changes of plasma lipids during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:369–372.
  12. Ball MP, et al. Clozapine-­induced hyperlipidemia resolved after switch to aripiprazole therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39:1570–1572.
  13. Chrzanowski WK, et al. Effectiveness of long-­term aripiprazole therapy in patients with acutely relapsing or chronic, stable schizophrenia: a 52-­week, open-­label comparison with olanzapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 189:259–266.
  14. De Hert M, et al. A case series: evaluation of the metabolic safety of aripiprazole. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33:823–830.
  15. Citrome L, et al. Long-­term safety and tolerability of lurasidone in schizophrenia: a 12-­month, double-­blind, active-­controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:165–176.
  16. Kemp DE, et al. Weight change and metabolic effects of asenapine in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2014; 75:238–245.
  17. Haddad PM. Antipsychotics and diabetes: review of non-­prospective data. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 2004; 47:S80–S86.
  18. Berry S, et al. Improvement of insulin indices after switch from olanzapine to risperidone. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12:316.
  19. Gianfrancesco FD, et al. Differential effects of risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, and conventional antipsychotics on type 2 diabetes: findings from a large health plan database. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:920–930.
  20. Mir S, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycaemia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16:63–74. Table 1.48  (Continued) Adverse effect Suggested medications Alternative medications Tardive dyskinesia47–53 Clozapine Aripiprazole Olanzapine Quetiapine Weight gain16,36,38,54–65 Amisulpride Asenapine Aripiprazole* Haloperidol Brexpiprazole Trifluoperazine Cariprazine Lurasidone Ziprasidone * There is evidence that both switching to and co-­prescription of aripiprazole can be associated with reductions in body weight and plasma prolactin levels, better lipid profiles and a decrease in plasma glucose levels.66–69

Schizophrenia and related psychoses CHAPTER 1 21. Cernea S, et al. Pharmacological management of glucose dysregulation in patients treated with second-­generation antipsychotics. Drugs 2020; 80:1763–1781. 22. Turrone P, et al. Elevation of prolactin levels by atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:133–135. 23. David SR, et al. The effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia. Clin Ther 2000; 22:1085–1096. 24. Hamner MB, et al. Hyperprolactinaemia in antipsychotic-­treated patients: guidelines for avoidance and management. CNS Drugs 1998; 10:209–222. 25. Trives MZ, et  al. Effect of the addition of aripiprazole on hyperprolactinemia associated with risperidone long-­acting injection. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013; 33:538–541. 26. Suzuki Y, et al. Differences in plasma prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia treated on monotherapy with five second-­generation antipsychotics. Schizophr Res 2013; 145:116–119. 27. Leucht S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-­treatments meta-­analysis. Lancet 2013; 382:951–962. 28. Keks N, et al. Comparative tolerability of dopamine D2/3 receptor partial agonists for schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:473–507. 29. Kelly DL, et al. Analysis of prolactin and sexual side effects in patients with schizophrenia who switched from paliperidone palmitate to aripiprazole lauroxil. Psychiatry Res 2021; 302:114030. 30. Citrome L. Cariprazine: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:193–206. 31. Glassman AH, et  al. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1774–1782. 32. Taylor D. Antipsychotics and QT prolongation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003; 107:85–95. 33. Titier K, et al. Atypical antipsychotics: from potassium channels to torsade de pointes and sudden death. Drug Saf 2005; 28:35–51. 34. Ray WA, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:225–235. 35. Loebel A, et al. Efficacy and safety of lurasidone 80 mg/day and 160 mg/day in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-­blind, placebo-­ and active-­controlled trial. Schizophr Res 2013; 145:101–109. 36. Das S, et al. Brexpiprazole: so far so good. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016; 6:39–54. 37. Citrome L. Cariprazine for the treatment of schizophrenia: a review of this dopamine D3-­preferring D3/D2 receptor partial agonist. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2016; 10:109–119. 38. Huhn M, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-­episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-­analysis. Lancet 2019; 394:939–951. 39. Byerly MJ, et al. An open-­label trial of quetiapine for antipsychotic-­induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 2004; 30:325–332. 40. Byerly MJ, et al. Sexual dysfunction associated with second-­generation antipsychotics in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: an empirical evaluation of olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. Schizophr Res 2006; 86:244–250. 41. Montejo Gonzalez AL, et  al. A 6-­month prospective observational study on the effects of quetiapine on sexual functioning. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25:533–538. 42. Dossenbach M, et al. Effects of atypical and typical antipsychotic treatments on sexual function in patients with schizophrenia: 12-­month results from the Intercontinental Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (IC-­SOHO) study. Eur Psychiatry 2006; 21:251–258. 43. Kerwin R, et al. A multicentre, randomized, naturalistic, open-­label study between aripiprazole and standard of care in the management of community-­treated schizophrenic patients Schizophrenia Trial of Aripiprazole: (STAR) study. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22:433–443. 44. Hanssens L, et al. The effect of antipsychotic medication on sexual function and serum prolactin levels in community-­treated schizophrenic patients: results from the Schizophrenia Trial of Aripiprazole (STAR) study (NCT00237913). BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8:95. 45. Loebel A, et al. Effectiveness of lurasidone vs. quetiapine XR for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a 12-­month, double-­blind, noninferiority study. Schizophr Res 2013; 147:95–102. 46. Silva C, et  al. Managing antipsychotic-­related sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:1147–1155. 47. Lieberman J, et al. Clozapine pharmacology and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989; 99 Suppl 1:S54–S59. 48. O’Brien J, et al. Marked improvement in tardive dyskinesia following treatment with olanzapine in an elderly subject. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172:186. 49. Sacchetti E, et al. Quetiapine, clozapine, and olanzapine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia induced by first-­generation antipsychotics: a 124-­week case report. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 18:357–359. 50. Witschy JK, et al. Improvement in tardive dyskinesia with aripiprazole use. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50:188. 51. Ricciardi L, et al. Treatment recommendations for tardive dyskinesia. Can J Psychiatry 2019; 64:388–399. 52. Lee D, et al. Long-­term response to clozapine and its clinical correlates in the treatment of tardive movement syndromes: a naturalistic observational study in patients with psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 39:591–596. 53. Takeuchi H, et al. Pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2022; 12:20451253221117313. 54. Taylor DM, et al. Atypical antipsychotics and weight gain: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101:416–432. 55. Allison D, et al. Antipsychotic-­induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1686–1696. 56. Brecher M, et al. The long term effect of quetiapine (SeroquelTM) monotherapy on weight in patients with schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2000; 4:287–291. 57. Casey DE, et al. Switching patients to aripiprazole from other antipsychotic agents: a multicenter randomized study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 166:391–399. 58. Newcomer JW, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-­blind study of the effects of aripiprazole in overweight subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder switched from olanzapine. J Clin Psychiatry 2008; 69:1046–­1056.

210 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 1 59. McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of lurasidone in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder switched from other antipsychotics: a randomized, 6-­week, open-­label study. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74:170–179. 60. McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of paliperidone palmitate vs haloperidol decanoate for maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 311:1978–1987. 61. Nasrallah HA, et al. The safety and tolerability of cariprazine in long-­term treatment of schizophrenia: a post hoc pooled analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:305. 62. Speyer H, et al. Reversibility of antipsychotic-­induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-­analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:577919. 63. Siskind D, et al. Does switching antipsychotics ameliorate weight gain in patients with severe mental illness? A systematic review and meta-­ analysis. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:948–958. 64. Miura I, et  al. Lurasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia: design, development, and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3023–3031. 65. Pillinger T, et al. Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: a systematic review and network meta-­analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:64–77. 66. Shim JC, et al. Adjunctive treatment with a dopamine partial agonist, aripiprazole, for antipsychotic-­induced hyperprolactinemia: a placebo-­ controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1404–1410. 67. Fleischhacker WW, et al. Weight change on aripiprazole-­clozapine combination in schizophrenic patients with weight gain and suboptimal response on clozapine: 16-­week double-­blind study. Eur Psychiatry 2008; 23 Suppl 2:S114–S115. 68. Henderson DC, et al. Aripiprazole added to overweight and obese olanzapine-­treated schizophrenia patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29:165–169. 69. Preda A, et al. A safety evaluation of aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:1529–1538. 70. Correll CU, et al. Safety and tolerability of lumateperone 42mg: an open-­label antipsychotic switch study in outpatients with stable schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:198–205. 71. Mathis MV, et al. The US Food and Drug Administration’s perspective on the new antipsychotic pimavanserin. J Clin Psychiatry 2017; 78:e668–e673. 72. Cruz MP. Pimavanserin (Nuplazid): a treatment for hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson’s disease. P T 2017; 42:368–371. 73. Greenwood J, et al. Lumateperone: a novel antipsychotic for schizophrenia. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 55:98–104. 74. Pillinger T, et al. Antidepressant and antipsychotic side-­effects and personalised prescribing: a systematic review and digital tool development. Lancet Psychiatry 2023; 10:860–876.