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20 - References

References

Depression and anxiety disorders CHAPTER 3 References

  1. Dunner DL, et al. Prospective, long-­term, multicenter study of the naturalistic outcomes of patients with treatment-­resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:688–695.
  2. Wooderson SC, et  al. Prospective evaluation of specialist inpatient treatment for refractory affective disorders. J Affect Disord 2011; 131:92–103.
  3. Fekadu A, et al. What happens to patients with treatment-­resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies. J Affect Disord 2009; 116:4–11.
  4. Trivedi MH, et al. Clinical results for patients with major depressive disorder in the Texas Medication Algorithm Project. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61:669–680.
  5. Fekadu A, et al. A multidimensional tool to quantify treatment resistance in depression: the Maudsley staging method. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:177–184.
  6. Fekadu A, et al. The Maudsley staging method for treatment-­resistant depression: prediction of longer-­term outcome and persistence of symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:952–957.
  7. Angst J, et al. Toward a re-­definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-­II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Disord 2003; 73:133–146.
  8. Smith DJ, et al. Unrecognised bipolar disorder in primary care patients with depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011; 199:49–56.
  9. Sidor MM, et al. Antidepressants for the acute treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-­analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72:156–167.
  10. Taylor DM, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of drug treatments for bipolar depression: a multiple-­treatments meta-­analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014; 130:452–469.
  11. Cosgrove L, et al. Reconceptualising treatment-­resistant depression as difficult-­to-­treat depression. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:11–13.
  12. Rush AJ, et al. Difficult-­to-­treat depression: a clinical and research roadmap for when remission is elusive. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:109–118.
  13. Trivedi MH, et al. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-­based care in STARD: implications for ­clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:28–40. Table 3.3  (Continued ) Treatment Advantages Disadvantages Combine olanzapine and fluoxetine31 6.25–12.5mg + 25–50mg daily (US licensed dose) ■ ■Well researched ■ ■Usually well tolerated ■ ■Olanzapine + TCA may also be effective32 ■ ■Olanzapine alone may be effective33,34 ■ ■Risk of weight gain ■ ■Limited clinical experience outside USA ■ ■Most data relate to bipolar depression Add quetiapine25,26 (150mg or 300mg a day) to SSRI/SNRI ■ ■Good evidence base ■ ■Usually well tolerated ■ ■Plausible explanation for antidepressant effect ■ ■Possibly more effective than lithium ■ ■Dry mouth, sedation, constipation can be problematic ■ ■Weight gain risk in the longer term SSRI + bupropion35–40 up to 400mg/day ■ ■Well tolerated ■ ■May improve sexual adverse effects ■ ■Not licensed for depression in the UK SSRI or venlafaxine
  • mianserin (30mg/day) or mirtazapine40,41 (30–45mg/day) ■ ■Recommended by NICE ■ ■Usually well tolerated ■ ■Widely used ■ ■Theoretical risk of serotonin syndrome (inform patient) ■ ■Risk of blood dyscrasia with mianserin ■ ■Weight gain and sedation with mirtazapine ■ ■One RCT showed no advantage for mirtazapine added to SSRI/SNRIs42 * 5mg + 20mg rising to 10mg + 40mg seems reasonable where combination formulations not available. TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.

350 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 3 14. Pigott HE, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of antidepressants: current status of research. Psychother Psychosom 2010; 79:267–279. 15. Pigott HE. The STARD trial: it is time to reexamine the clinical beliefs that guide the treatment of major depression. Can J Psychiatry 2015; 60:9–13. 16. Pigott HE, et al. What are the treatment remission, response and extent of improvement rates after up to four trials of antidepressant therapies in real-­world depressed patients? A reanalysis of the STARD study’s patient-­level data with fidelity to the original research protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e063095. 17. Marcus RN, et al. The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a second multicenter, randomized, double-­blind, placebo-­controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28:156–165. 18. Hellerstein DJ, et al. Aripiprazole as an adjunctive treatment for refractory unipolar depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:744–750. 19. Simon JS, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation of antidepressants for the treatment of partially responding and nonresponding patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1216–1220. 20. Papakostas GI, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment-­resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1326–1330. 21. Berman RM, et al. Aripiprazole augmentation in major depressive disorder: a double-­blind, placebo-­controlled study in patients with inadequate response to antidepressants. CNS Spectr 2009; 14:197–206. 22. Fava M, et al. A double-­blind, placebo-­controlled study of aripiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant therapy among depressed outpatients with inadequate response to prior antidepressant therapy (ADAPT-­A Study). Psychother Psychosom 2012; 81:87–97. 23. Jon DI, et al. Augmentation of aripiprazole for depressed patients with an inadequate response to antidepressant treatment: a 6-­week prospective, open-­label, multicenter study. Clin Neuropharmacol 2013; 36:157–161. 24. Nuñez NA, et al. Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: a systematic review and network meta-­analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 302:385–400. 25. Kishimoto T, et al. Efficacy and safety/tolerability of antipsychotics in the treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-­analysis. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4064–4082. 26. Yan Y, et al. Efficacy and acceptability of second-­generation antipsychotics with antidepressants in unipolar depression augmentation: a systematic review and network meta-­analysis. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2224–2231. 27. Strawbridge R, et al. Augmentation therapies for treatment-­resistant depression: systematic review and meta-­analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 214:42–51. 28. Terao I, et al. Comparative efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of intravenous racemic ketamine with intranasal esketamine, aripiprazole and lithium as augmentative treatments for treatment-­resistant unipolar depression: a systematic review and network meta-­analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 346:49–56. 29. Undurraga J, et al. Lithium treatment for unipolar major depressive disorder: systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:167–176. 30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. NICE guideline [NG222]. 2022 (last reviewed September 2024, last checked November 2024); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng222. 31. Luan S, et al. Efficacy and safety of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination in the treatment of treatment-­resistant depression: a meta-­analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:609–620. 32. Takahashi H, et al. 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