36 - References

References

32 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 1 References

1. Karson C, et  al. Long-­term outcomes of antipsychotic treatment in patients with first-­episode schizophrenia: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:57–67.
2. Taylor M, et al. Are we getting any better at staying better? The long view on relapse and recovery in first episode nonaffective psychosis and schizophrenia. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2019; 9:2045125319870033.
3. Leucht S, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-­analysis. Lancet 2012; 379:2063–2071.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, 3rd edn. Washington, DC: APA; 2020 (last accessed December 2024); https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424841.
5. Sheitman BB, et al. The evaluation and treatment of first-­episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23:653–661.
6. Gitlin M, et al. Clinical outcome following neuroleptic discontinuation in patients with remitted recent-­onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1835–1842.
7. Hayes JF, et al. Psychiatric hospitalization following antipsychotic medication cessation in first episode psychosis. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:532–534.
8. Wunderink L, et al. Guided discontinuation versus maintenance treatment in remitted first-­episode psychosis: relapse rates and functional outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:654–661.
9. Chen EY, et al. Maintenance treatment with quetiapine versus discontinuation after one year of treatment in patients with remitted first episode psychosis: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010; 341:c4024.
10. Gaebel W, et al. Relapse prevention in first-­episode schizophrenia. Maintenance vs intermittent drug treatment with prodrome-­based early intervention: results of a randomized controlled trial within the German Research Network on Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72:205–218.
11. Caseiro O, et al. Predicting relapse after a first episode of non-­affective psychosis: a three-­year follow-­up study. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:1099–1105.
12. Emsley R, et al. Symptom recurrence following intermittent treatment in first-­episode schizophrenia successfully treated for 2 years: a 3-­year open-­label clinical study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012; 73:e541–e547.
13. Kishi T, et al. Effect of discontinuation v. maintenance of antipsychotic medication on relapse rates in patients with remitted/stable first-­ episode psychosis: a meta-­analysis. Psychol Med 2019; 49:772–779.
14. Wunderink L, et al. Recovery in remitted first-­episode psychosis at 7 years of follow-­up of an early dose reduction/discontinuation or maintenance treatment strategy: long-­term follow-­up of a 2-­year randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:913–920.
15. Correll CU, et al. What is the risk-­benefit ratio of long-­term antipsychotic treatment in people with schizophrenia? World Psychiatry 2018; 17:149–160.
16. Boonstra G, et al. Antipsychotic prophylaxis is needed after remission from a first psychotic episode in schizophrenia patients: results from an aborted randomised trial. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011; 15:128–134.
17. Murray RM, et al. Should psychiatrists be more cautious about the long-­term prophylactic use of antipsychotics? Br J Psychiatry 2016; 209:361–365.
18. Bowtell M, et al. Rates and predictors of relapse following discontinuation of antipsychotic medication after a first episode of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:231–236.
19. Emsley R, et al. How long should antipsychotic treatment be continued after a single episode of schizophrenia? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2016; 29:224–229.
20. Horowitz MA, et al. Tapering antipsychotic treatment. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 78:125–126.
21. Liu CC, et al. Achieving the lowest effective antipsychotic dose for patients with remitted psychosis: a proposed guided dose-­reduction algorithm. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:117–126.
22. Girgis RR, et al. Clozapine v. chlorpromazine in treatment-­naive, first-­episode schizophrenia: 9-­year outcomes of a randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 199:281–288.
23. Tiihonen J, et al. A nationwide cohort study of oral and depot antipsychotics after first hospitalization for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:603–609.
24. Subotnik KL, et al. Long-­acting injectable risperidone for relapse prevention and control of breakthrough symptoms after a recent first episode of schizophrenia. a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:822–829.
25. Schreiner A, et  al. Paliperidone palmitate versus oral antipsychotics in recently diagnosed schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:393–399.
26. Kahn RS, et al. Amisulpride and olanzapine followed by open-­label treatment with clozapine in first-­episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder (OPTiMiSE): a three-­phase switching study. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:797–807.
27. Johnson DAW, et  al. Professional attitudes in the UK towards neuroleptic maintenance therapy in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Bull 1997; 21:394–397.
28. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management. Clinical guideline [CG178]. 2014 (last checked November 2024); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178.
29. Schennach R, et  al. Predictors of relapse in the year after hospital discharge among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2012; 63:87–90.
30. Wyatt RJ. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991; 17:325–351.
31. Almerie MQ, et  al. Cessation of medication for people with schizophrenia already stable on chlorpromazine. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34:13–14.
32. Jolley AG, et al. Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical and social outcome at two years. BMJ 1990; 301:837–842.

Schizophrenia and related psychoses CHAPTER 1 33. Herz MI, et al. Intermittent vs maintenance medication in schizophrenia: two-­year results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:333–339. 34. Schooler NR, et al. Relapse and rehospitalization during maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. The effects of dose reduction and family treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:453–463. 35. Leucht S, et al. Examination of dosing of antipsychotic drugs for relapse prevention in patients with stable schizophrenia: a meta-­analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:1238–1248. 36. Leucht C, et al. Oral versus depot antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia—a critical systematic review and meta-­analysis of randomised long-­ term trials. Schizophr Res 2011; 127:83–92. 37. Schooler NR. Relapse prevention and recovery in the treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67 Suppl 5:19–23. 38. Levine SZ, et al. Extent of attaining and maintaining symptom remission by antipsychotic medication in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: evidence from the CATIE study. Schizophr Res 2011; 133:42–46. 39. Leucht S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-­treatments meta-­analysis. Lancet 2013; 382:951–962. 40. Leucht S, et al. Long-­term efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in initially acutely ill adults with schizophrenia: systematic review and network meta-­analysis. World Psychiatry 2023; 22:315–324. 41. Ostuzzi G, et al. Oral and long-­acting antipsychotics for relapse prevention in schizophrenia-­spectrum disorders: a network meta-­analysis of 92 randomized trials including 22,645 participants. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:295–307. 42. Leucht S, et al. Epidemiology, clinical consequences, and psychosocial treatment of nonadherence in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67 Suppl 5:3–8. 43. Baldessarini RJ, et al. Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:79–90. 44. Harrington M, et al. The results of a multi-­centre audit of the prescribing of antipsychotic drugs for in-­patients in the UK. Psychiatr Bull 2002; 26:414–418. 45. Geddes J, et al. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: systematic overview and meta-­regression analysis. BMJ 2000; 321:1371–1376. 46. Hogarty GE, et al. Dose of fluphenazine, familial expressed emotion, and outcome in schizophrenia. Results of a two-­year controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:797–805. 47. Marder SR, et al. Low-­ and conventional-­dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate. Two-­year outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:518–521. 48. Uchida H, et al. Low dose vs standard dose of antipsychotics for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: meta-­analysis. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37:788–799. 49. Rouillon F, et  al. Strategies of treatment with olanzapine in schizophrenic patients during stable phase: results of a pilot study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:646–652. 50. Wang CY, et al. Risperidone maintenance treatment in schizophrenia: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:676–685. 51. Huhn M, et al. Reducing antipsychotic drugs in stable patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:293–302. 52. Liu CC, et al. Guided antipsychotic reduction to reach minimum effective dose (GARMED) in patients with remitted psychosis: a 2-­year randomized controlled trial with a naturalistic cohort. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7078–7086. 53. Moncrieff J, et al. Antipsychotic dose reduction and discontinuation versus maintenance treatment in people with schizophrenia and other recurrent psychotic disorders in England (the RADAR trial): an open, parallel-­group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2023; 10:848–859. 54. Ostuzzi G, et al. Continuing, reducing, switching, or stopping antipsychotics in individuals with schizophrenia-­spectrum disorders who are clinically stable: a systematic review and network meta-­analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:614–624. 55. Wyatt RJ. Risks of withdrawing antipsychotic medications. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52:205–208. 56. Viguera AC, et al. Clinical risk following abrupt and gradual withdrawal of maintenance neuroleptic treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:49–55. 57. Weiden PJ, et al. Does half-­life matter after antipsychotic discontinuation? A relapse comparison in schizophrenia with 3 different formulations of paliperidone. J Clin Psychiatry 2017; 78:e813–e820. 58. Chouinard G, et al. Withdrawal symptoms after long-­term treatment with low-­potency neuroleptics. J Clin Psychiatry 1984; 45:500–502. 59. Yin J, et al. Antipsychotic induced dopamine supersensitivity psychosis: a comprehensive review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:174–183. 60. Cohen D, et  al. Discontinuing psychotropic drugs from participants in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 2019; 88:96–104. 61. Chouinard G, et  al. Neuroleptic-­induced supersensitivity psychosis: clinical and pharmacologic characteristics. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137:16–21. 62. Kirkpatrick B, et al. The concept of supersensitivity psychosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 180:265–270. 63. Lugg W. Antipsychotic-­induced supersensitivity: a reappraisal. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 56:437–444. 64. Chaffin DS. Phenothiazine-­induced acute psychotic reaction: the ‘psychotoxicity’ of a drug. Am J Psychiatry 1964; 121:26–32. 65. Lu ML, et al. Metoclopramide-­induced supersensitivity psychosis. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36:1387–1390. 66. Roy-­Desruisseaux J, et al. Domperidone-­induced tardive dyskinesia and withdrawal psychosis in an elderly woman with dementia. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45:e51. 67. Huhtaniska S, et  al. Long-­term antipsychotic use and brain changes in schizophrenia  -­ a systematic review and meta-­analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32:e2574.