Skip to main content

16 - References

References

Prescribing in pregnancy and breastfeeding CHAPTER 7 Stimulants in breastfeeding Table 7.6 provides information on individual drugs in breastfeeding based on available published data in mid-2024. Manufacturers’ formal advice on drugs in breastfeeding is available in the SPC or European Public Assessment Report for individual drugs. Table 7.6 does not include this advice (which is often uninformative), but instead uses primary reference sources. It is usually advisable to continue the drug prescribed during pregnancy. Switching drugs postpartum for the purpose of breastfeeding is usually not sensible. Table 7.6 should be used as a guide when initiating treatment postpartum. In  each case the previous response (and lack of response) to treatment must be considered. References

  1. Schoretsanitis G, et al. Excretion of antipsychotics into the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk: a systematic critical review and combined analysis. Ther Drug Monit 2020; 42:245–254.
  2. Weissman AM, et al. Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1066–1078.
  3. COPE (Centre of Perinatal Excellence). 2023 National Perinatal Mental Health Guideline. 2023; https://www.cope.org.au/health-­ professionals/review-­of-­new-­perinatal-­mental-­health-­guidelines/.
  4. Schmidt FM, et al. Agomelatine in breast milk. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:497–499.
  5. Hale TW, et al. Medications and Mothers’ Milk, 20th edn. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2023.
  6. Hoffmann E, et al. Brexanolone injection administration to lactating women: breast milk allopregnanolone levels [30J]. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 133:115S.
  7. Briggs GG, et al. Excretion of bupropion in breast milk. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27:431–433.
  8. Chaudron LH, et al. Bupropion and breastfeeding: a case of a possible infant seizure. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:881–882.
  9. Nonacs RM, et al. Bupropion SR for the treatment of postpartum depression: a pilot study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 8:445–449.
  10. Haas JS, et al. Bupropion in breast milk: an exposure assessment for potential treatment to prevent post-­partum tobacco use. Tob Control 2004; 13:52–56.
  11. Baab SW, et al. Serum bupropion levels in 2 breastfeeding mother-­infant pairs. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:910–911. Table 7.6  Stimulants in breastfeeding. Drug Infant plasma concentration Estimated daily infant dose as proportion of maternal dose (RID) Acute adverse effects in infant Developmental effects in infant Atomoxetine No published data available at the time of writing Dexamfetamine202 Undetectable to 14% of maternal plasma level 2.4 –10.6% None reported None reported but not assessed Lisdexamfetamine No published data available at the time of writing Methylphenidate28,203–205 Undetectable 0.16–0.7% None reported None reported Modafinil206,207 Armodafanil = 1.5%208 Modafanil not reported Armodafanil = 4.85%208 Modafanil = 5.3% None reported None reported but not assessed RID, relative infant dose.

748 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 7 12. Berle JO, et al. Antidepressant use during breastfeeding. Curr Womens Health Rev 2011; 7:28–34. 13. Davis MF, et al. Bupropion levels in breast milk for 4 mother-­infant pairs: more answers to lingering questions. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:297–298. 14. Neuman G, et al. Bupropion and escitalopram during lactation. Ann Pharmacother 2014; 48:928–931. 15. Burt VK, et al. The use of psychotropic medications during breast-­feeding. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1001–1009. 16. Lee A, et al. Frequency of infant adverse events that are associated with citalopram use during breast-­feeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:218–221. 17. Heikkinen T, et al. Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72:184–191. 18. Jensen PN, et al. Citalopram and desmethylcitalopram concentrations in breast milk and in serum of mother and infant. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19:236–239. 19. Spigset O, et al. Excretion of citalopram in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44:295–298. 20. Rampono J, et al. Citalopram and demethylcitalopram in human milk; distribution, excretion and effects in breast fed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 50:263–268. 21. Schmidt K, et al. Citalopram and breast-­feeding: serum concentration and side effects in the infant. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:164–165. 22. Franssen EJ, et al. Citalopram serum and milk levels in mother and infant during lactation. Ther Drug Monit 2006; 28:2–4. 23. Werremeyer A. Ziprasidone and citalopram use in pregnancy and lactation in a woman with psychotic depression. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166:1298. 24. Hendrick V, et al. Weight gain in breastfed infants of mothers taking antidepressant medications. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:410–412. 25. Boyce PM, et al. Duloxetine transfer across the placenta during pregnancy and into milk during lactation. Arch Women’s Ment Health 2011; 14:169–172. 26. Briggs GG, et al. Use of duloxetine in pregnancy and lactation. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:1898–1902. 27. Lobo ED, et  al. Pharmacokinetics of duloxetine in breast milk and plasma of healthy postpartum women. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008; 47:103–109. 28. Collin-­Lévesque L, et al. Infant exposure to methylphenidate and duloxetine during lactation. Breastfeed Med 2018; 13:221–225. 29. Gentile S. Escitalopram late in pregnancy and while breast-­feeding (Letter). Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40:1696–1697. 30. Castberg I, et al. Excretion of escitalopram in breast milk. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:536–538. 31. Rampono J, et  al. Transfer of escitalopram and its metabolite demethylescitalopram into breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:316–322. 32. Potts AL, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis associated with in utero and breast milk exposure to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram. J Perinatol 2007; 27:120–122. 33. Ilett KF, et al. Estimation of infant dose and assessment of breastfeeding safety for escitalopram use in postnatal depression. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27:248. 34. Bellantuono C, et al. The safety of escitalopram during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:534–539. 35. Yoshida K, et al. Fluoxetine in breast-­milk and developmental outcome of breast-­fed infants. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 172:175–178. 36. Lester BM, et al. Possible association between fluoxetine hydrochloride and colic in an infant. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993; 32:1253–1255. 37. Hendrick V, et al. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine concentrations in nursing infants and breast milk. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50:775–782. 38. Hale TW, et al. Fluoxetine toxicity in a breastfed infant. Clin Pediatr 2001; 40:681–684. 39. Malone K, et al. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and the breastfeeding dyad. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2004; 40:73–85. 40. Heikkinen T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003; 73:330–337. 41. Epperson CN, et al. Maternal fluoxetine treatment in the postpartum period: effects on platelet serotonin and plasma drug levels in breastfeeding mother-­infant pairs. Pediatrics 2003; 112:e425. 42. Taddio A, et al. Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in human breast milk. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36:42–47. 43. Brent NB, et al. Fluoxetine and carbamazepine concentrations in a nursing mother/infant pair. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1998; 37:41–44. 44. Kristensen JH, et al. Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48:521–527. 45. Burch KJ, et al. Fluoxetine/norfluoxetine concentrations in human milk. Pediatrics 1992; 89:676–677. 46. Morris R, et al. Serotonin syndrome in a breast-­fed neonate. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr2015209418. 47. Hendrick V, et al. Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179:163–166. 48. Piontek CM, et al. Serum fluvoxamine levels in breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:111–113. 49. Yoshida K, et al. Fluvoxamine in breast-­milk and infant development. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44:210–211. 50. Hagg S, et al. Excretion of fluvoxamine into breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49:286–288. 51. Arnold LM, et al. Fluvoxamine concentrations in breast milk and in maternal and infant sera. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:491–492. 52. Kristensen JH, et al. The amount of fluvoxamine in milk is unlikely to be a cause of adverse effects in breastfed infants. J Hum Lact 2002; 18:139–143. 53. Wright S, et al. Excretion of fluvoxamine in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:209. 54. Uguz F. Gastrointestinal side effects in the baby of a breastfeeding woman treated with low-­dose fluvoxamine. J Hum Lact 2015; 31:371–373. 55. Snider DE, Jr, et al. Should women taking antituberculosis drugs breast-­feed? Arch Intern Med 1984; 144:589–590. 56. Singh N, et al. Transfer of isoniazid from circulation to breast milk in lactating women on chronic therapy for tuberculosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 65:418–422. 57. Buist A, et al. Mianserin in breast milk (Letter). Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 36:133–134.

Prescribing in pregnancy and breastfeeding CHAPTER 7 58. Smit M, et al. Mirtazapine in pregnancy and lactation: data from a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:163–167. 59. Smit M, et al. Mirtazapine in pregnancy and lactation – a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:126–135. 60. Buist A, et al. Plasma and human milk concentrations of moclobemide in nursing mothers. Hum Psychopharmacol 1998; 13:579–582. 61. Pons G, et al. Moclobemide excretion in human breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 29:27–31. 62. Begg EJ, et al. Paroxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48:142–147. 63. Stowe ZN, et al. Paroxetine in human breast milk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:185–189. 64. Misri S, et al. Paroxetine levels in postpartum depressed women, breast milk, and infant serum. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:828–832. 65. Ohman R, et al. Excretion of paroxetine into breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:519–523. 66. Berle JO, et al. Breastfeeding during maternal antidepressant treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors: infant exposure, clinical symptoms, and cytochrome p450 genotypes. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1228–1234. 67. Merlob P, et  al. Paroxetine during breast-­feeding: infant weight gain and maternal adherence to counsel. Eur J Pediatr 2004; 163:135–139. 68. Abdul Aziz A, et al. Severe paroxetine induced hyponatremia in a breast fed infant. J Bahrain Med Soc 2004; 16:195–198. 69. Hendrick V, et al. Paroxetine use during breast-­feeding. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:587–589. 70. Spigset O, et al. Paroxetine level in breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57:39. 71. Uguz F, et al. Short-­term safety of paroxetine and sertraline in breastfed infants: a retrospective cohort study from a university hospital. Breastfeed Med 2016; 11:487–489. 72. Hackett LP, et al. Transfer of reboxetine into breastmilk, its plasma concentrations and lack of adverse effects in the breastfed infant. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:633–638. 73. Llewellyn A, et al. Psychotropic medications in lactation. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 Suppl 2:41–52. 74. Mammen OK, et al. Sertraline and norsertraline levels in three breastfed infants. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58:100–103. 75. Altshuler LL, et al. Breastfeeding and sertraline: a 24-­hour analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56:243–245. 76. Dodd S, et al. Sertraline analysis in the plasma of breast-­fed infants. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2001; 35:545–546. 77. Dodd S, et  al. Sertraline in paired blood plasma and breast-­milk samples from nursing mothers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2000; 15:161–264. 78. Epperson N, et al. Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breast-­feeding mother-­infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:1631–1637. 79. Stowe ZN, et al. The pharmacokinetics of sertraline excretion into human breast milk: determinants of infant serum concentrations. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:73–80. 80. Muller MJ, et al. Serotonergic overstimulation in a preterm infant after sertraline intake via breastmilk. Breastfeed Med 2013; 8:327–329. 81. Wisner KL, et  al. Serum sertraline and N-­desmethylsertraline levels in breast-­feeding mother-­infant pairs. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:690–692. 82. Verbeeck RK, et al. Excretion of trazodone in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986; 22:367–370. 83. Saito J, et al. Trazodone levels in maternal serum, cord blood, breast milk, and neonatal serum. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:922–925. 84. Yoshida K, et al. Psychotropic drugs in mothers’ milk: a comprehensive review of assay methods, pharmacokinetics and of safety of breast-­ feeding. J Psychopharmacol 1999; 13:64–80. 85. Misri S, et al. Benefits and risks to mother and infant of drug treatment for postnatal depression. Drug Saf 2002; 25:903–911. 86. Yoshida K, et al. Investigation of pharmacokinetics and of possible adverse effects in infants exposed to tricyclic antidepressants in breast-­ milk. J Affect Disord 1997; 43:225–237. 87. Frey OR, et al. Adverse effects in a newborn infant breast-­fed by a mother treated with doxepin. Ann Pharmacother 1999; 33:690–693. 88. Ilett KF, et al. The excretion of dothiepin and its primary metabolites in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 33:635–639. 89. Kemp J, et al. Excretion of doxepin and N-­desmethyldoxepin in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 20:497–499. 90. Buist A, et al. Effect of exposure to dothiepin and northiaden in breast milk on child development. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167:370–373. 91. Khachman D, et al. Clomipramine in breast milk: a case study (article in French). J Pharm Clin 2007; 28:33–38. 92. Uguz F. Poor feeding and severe sedation in a newborn nursed by a mother on a low dose of amitriptyline. Breastfeed Med 2017; 12:67–68. 93. Koren G, et al. Can venlafaxine in breast milk attenuate the norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake neonatal withdrawal syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006; 28:299–302. 94. Ilett KF, et al. Distribution of venlafaxine and its O-­desmethyl metabolite in human milk and their effects in breastfed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53:17–22. 95. Newport DJ, et al. Venlafaxine in human breast milk and nursing infant plasma: determination of exposure. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:1304–1310. 96. Ilett KF, et al. Assessment of infant dose through milk in a lactating woman taking amisulpride and desvenlafaxine for treatment-­resistant depression. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:704–707. 97. Misri S, et al. Quetiapine augmentation in lactation: a series of case reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:508–511. 98. Hendrick V, et al. Venlafaxine and breast-­feeding. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:2089–2090. 99. Rampono J, et al. Estimation of desvenlafaxine transfer into milk and infant exposure during its use in lactating women with postnatal depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2011; 14:49–53. 100. Ilett KF, et  al. Distribution and excretion of venlafaxine and O-­desmethylvenlafaxine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45:459–462. 101. Baldelli S, et  al. Passage of venlafaxine in human milk during 12  months of lactation: a case report. Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:707–708.

750 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 7 102. Marshall K, et al. Transfer of the serotonin modulator vortioxetine into human milk: a case series. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:843–845. 103. Teoh S, et al. Estimation of rac-­amisulpride transfer into milk and of infant dose via milk during its use in a lactating woman with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Breastfeed Med 2010; 6:85–88. 104. Uguz F. Breastfed infants exposed to combined antipsychotics: two case reports. Am J Ther 2016; 23:e1962–e1964. 105. O’Halloran SJ, et al. A liquid chromatography-­tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying amisulpride in human plasma and breast milk, applied to measuring drug transfer to a fully breast-­fed neonate. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 38:493–498. 106. Schlotterbeck P, et al. Aripiprazole in human milk. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 10:433. 107. Lutz UC, et al. Aripiprazole in pregnancy and lactation: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010; 30:204–205. 108. Watanabe N, et al. Perinatal use of aripiprazole: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31:377–379. 109. Mendhekar DN, et al. Aripiprazole use in a pregnant schizoaffective woman. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8:299–300. 110. Nordeng H, et al. Transfer of aripiprazole to breast milk: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 34:272–275. 111. Frew JR. Psychopharmacology of bipolar I disorder during lactation: a case report of the use of lithium and aripiprazole in a nursing mother. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015; 18:135–136. 112. Naughton S, et al. Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine can affect milk supply: advice to breastfeeding mothers. Australas Psychiatry 2023; 31:201–204. 113. Sahoo MK, et al. Safety profile of aripiprazole during pregnancy and lactation: report of 2 cases. Turk Psikiyatri derg = Turkish journal of psychiatry 2023; 34:133–135. 114. Yoshida K, et al. Breast-­feeding and psychotropic drugs. Int Rev Psychiatry 1996; 8:117–124. 115. Patton SW, et  al. Antipsychotic medication during pregnancy and lactation in women with schizophrenia: evaluating the risk. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47:959–965. 116. Klinger G, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and breastfeeding. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2013; 10:308–317. 117. Uguz F. Adverse events in a breastfed infant exposed to risperidone and haloperidol. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:683–684. 118. Mendhekar DN. Possible delayed speech acquisition with clozapine therapy during pregnancy and lactation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 19:196–197. 119. Barnas C, et al. Clozapine concentrations in maternal and fetal plasma, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:945. 120. Shao P, et al. Effects of clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics on infants development who were exposed to as fetus: a post-­hoc ­analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123373. 121. Imaz ML, et al. Clozapine use during pregnancy and lactation: a case-­series report. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:264. 122. Goldstein DJ, et al. Olanzapine-­exposed pregnancies and lactation: early experience. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:399–403. 123. Croke S, et al. Olanzapine excretion in human breast milk: estimation of infant exposure. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 5:243–247. 124. Gardiner SJ, et al. Transfer of olanzapine into breast milk, calculation of infant drug dose, and effect on breast-­fed infants. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160:1428–1431. 125. Ambresin G, et al. Olanzapine excretion into breast milk: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24:93–95. 126. Lutz UC, et al. Olanzapine treatment during breast feeding: a case report. Ther Drug Monit 2008; 30:399–401. 127. Whitworth A, et al. Olanzapine and breast-­feeding: changes of plasma concentrations of olanzapine in a breast-­fed infant over a period of 5 months. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:121–123. 128. Eli Lilly and Company Ltd. Personal correspondence: olanzapine use in pregnant or nursing women. 2011. 129. Gilad O, et al. Outcome of infants exposed to olanzapine during breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med 2010; 6:55–58. 130. Goldstein DJ, et al. Olanzapine use during breast-­feeding. Schizophr Res 2002; 53 Suppl 1:185. 131. Aydin B, et al. Olanzapine and quetiapine use during breastfeeding: excretion into breast milk and safe breastfeeding strategy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:206–208. 132. Stiegler A, et al. Olanzapine treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a chance for women with psychotic illness? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3067–3069. 133. Var L, et al. Management of postpartum manic episode without cessation of breastfeeding: a longitudinal follow up of drug excretion into breast milk. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23 Suppl 1:S382. 134. Manouilenko I, et al. Long-­acting olanzapine injection during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a case report. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018; 21:587–589. 135. Lee A, et al. Excretion of quetiapine in breast milk. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1715–1716. 136. Gentile S. Quetiapine-­fluvoxamine combination during pregnancy and while breastfeeding (Letter). Arch Womens Ment Health 2006; 9:158–159. 137. Seppala J. Quetiapine (Seroquel) is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of psychotic depression during breast feeding. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7 Suppl 1:S245. 138. Kruninger U, et al. Pregnancy and lactation under treatment with quetiapine. Psychiatr Prax 2007; 34 Suppl 1:S75–S76. 139. Ritz S. Quetiapine monotherapy in post-­partum onset bipolar disorder with a mixed affective state. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 15 Suppl 3:S407. 140. Rampono J, et al. Quetiapine and breast feeding. Ann Pharmacother 2007; 41:711–714. 141. Tanoshima R, et al. Quetiapine in human breast milk – population PK analysis of milk levels and simulated infant exposure. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 2012; 19:e259–e298. 142. Yazdani-­Brojeni P, et al. Quetiapine in human milk and simulation-­based assessment of infant exposure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87 Suppl 1:S3–S4. 143. Var L, et al. Management of postpartum manic episode without cessation of breastfeeding: a longitudinal follow up of drug excretion into breast milk. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23 Suppl 2:S382.

Prescribing in pregnancy and breastfeeding CHAPTER 7 144. Van Boekholt AA, et al. Quetiapine concentrations during exclusive breastfeeding and maternal quetiapine use. Ann Pharmacother 2015; 49:743–744. 145. Hill RC, et al. Risperidone distribution and excretion into human milk: case report and estimated infant exposure during breast-­feeding. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:285–286. 146. Aichhorn W, et al. Risperidone and breast-­feeding. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19:211–213. 147. Ilett KF, et al. Transfer of risperidone and 9-­hydroxyrisperidone into human milk. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38:273–276. 148. Ratnayake T, et al. No complications with risperidone treatment before and throughout pregnancy and during the nursing period. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:76–77. 149. Weggelaar NM, et al. A case report of risperidone distribution and excretion into human milk: how to give good advice if you have not enough data available. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31:129–131. 150. Ylikorkala O, et al. Treatment of inadequate lactation with oral sulpiride and buccal oxytocin. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63:57–60. 151. Ylikorkala O, et al. Sulpiride improves inadequate lactation. BMJ 1982; 285:249–251. 152. Aono T, et al. Augmentation of puerperal lactation by oral administration of sulpiride. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970; 48:478–482. 153. Polatti F. Sulpiride isomers and milk secretion in puerperium. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1982; 9:144–147. 154. Aono T, et al. Effect of sulpiride on poor puerperal lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143:927–932. 155. Matheson I, et al. Milk concentrations of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and zuclopenthixol and between-­breast differences in two patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 35:217–220. 156. Kirk L, et al. Concentrations of Cis(Z)-­flupentixol in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord serum, and milk. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1980; 72:107–108. 157. Aes-­Jorgensen T, et al. Zuclopenthixol levels in serum and breast milk. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986; 90:417–418. 158. Schlotterbeck P, et  al. Low concentration of ziprasidone in human milk: a case report. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:437–438. 159. Chaudron LH, et al. Mood stabilizers during breastfeeding: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:79–90. 160. Wisner KL, et  al. Serum levels of valproate and carbamazepine in breastfeeding mother-­infant pairs. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18:167–169. 161. Ernst CL, et al. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-­spectrum psychotropics. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 Suppl 4:42–55. 162. Meador KJ, et al. Effects of breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 2010; 75:1954–1960. 163. Zhao M, et al. [A case report of monitoring on carbamazepine in breast feeding woman]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 2010; 42:602–603. 164. Froescher W, et al. Carbamazepine levels in breast milk. Ther Drug Monit 1984; 6:266–271. 165. Frey B, et al. Transient cholestatic hepatitis in a neonate associated with carbamazepine exposure during pregnancy and breast-­feeding. Eur J Pediatr 1990; 150:136–138. 166. Merlob P, et al. Transient hepatic dysfunction in an infant of an epileptic mother treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Ann Pharmacother 1992; 26:1563–1565. 167. Veiby G, et al. Early child development and exposure to antiepileptic drugs prenatally and through breastfeeding: a prospective cohort study on children of women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:1367–1374. 168. Pynnonen S, et al. Carbamazepine and mother’s milk (Letter). Lancet 1975; 2:563. 169. Meador KJ, et al. Breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs: cognitive outcomes at age 6 years. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168:729–736. 170. Ohman I, et  al. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate, and during lactation. Epilepsia 2000; 41:709–713. 171. Liporace J, et al. Concerns regarding lamotrigine and breast-­feeding. Epilepsy Behav 2004; 5:102–105. 172. Gentile S. Lamotrigine in pregnancy and lactation (Letter). Arch Womens Ment Health 2005; 8:57–58. 173. Page-­Sharp M, et al. Transfer of lamotrigine into breast milk (Letter). Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40:1470–1471. 174. Rambeck B, et al. Concentrations of lamotrigine in a mother on lamotrigine treatment and her newborn child. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 51:481–484. 175. Tomson T, et al. Lamotrigine in pregnancy and lactation: a case report. Epilepsia 1997; 38:1039–1041. 176. Newport DJ, et al. Lamotrigine in breast milk and nursing infants: determination of exposure. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e223–e231. 177. Fotopoulou C, et al. Prospectively assessed changes in lamotrigine-­concentration in women with epilepsy during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period. Epilepsy Res 2009; 85:60–64. 178. Nordmo E, et al. Severe apnea in an infant exposed to lamotrigine in breast milk. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:1893–1897. 179. Wakil L, et al. Neonatal outcomes with the use of lamotrigine for bipolar disorder in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a case series and review of the literature. Psychopharmacol Bull 2009; 42:91–98. 180. Birnbaum AK, et al. Antiepileptic drug exposure in infants of breastfeeding mothers with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77:441–450. 181. Kacirova I, et al. A short communication: lamotrigine levels in milk, mothers, and breastfed infants during the first postnatal month. Ther Drug Monit 2019; 41:401–404. 182. Kacirova I, et al. Monitoring of lamotrigine concentrations in mothers, colostrum, and breastfed newborns during the early postpartum period. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113167. 183. Bedussi F, et al. Normocytic normochromic anaemia and asymptomatic neutropenia in a 40-­day-­old infant breastfed by an epileptic mother treated with lamotrigine: infant’s adverse drug reaction. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:104–105. 184. Newmark RL, et al. Risk-­benefit assessment of infant exposure to lithium through breast milk: a systematic review of the literature. Int Rev Psychiatry 2019; 31:295–304.

752 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 7 185. Westergren T, et al. Probable topiramate-­induced diarrhea in a 2-­month-­old breast-­fed child – a case report. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep 2014; 2:22–23. 186. Gentile S. Topiramate in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Clin Drug Investig 2009; 29:139–141. 187. Piontek CM, et al. Serum valproate levels in 6 breastfeeding mother-­infant pairs. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:170–172. 188. Bjornsson E. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiepileptic drugs. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118:281–290. 189. Spigset O, et al. Excretion of psychotropic drugs into breast milk: pharmacokinetic overview and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 1998; 9:111–134. 190. Hagg S, et al. Anticonvulsant use during lactation. Drug Saf 2000; 22:425–440. 191. Iqbal MM, et  al. Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate, and the nursing infant. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53:39–49. 192. Buist A, et al. Breastfeeding and the use of psychotropic medication: a review. J Affect Disord 1990; 19:197–206. 193. Fisher JB, et al. Neonatal apnea associated with maternal clonazepam therapy: a case report. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66:34S–35S. 194. Davanzo R, et al. Benzodiazepine e allattamento materno. Med Bambino 2008; 27:109–114. 195. Kelly LE, et al. Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding. J Pediatr 2012; 161:448–451. 196. Birnbaum CS, et al. Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: a case series. Pediatrics 1999; 104:e11. 197. Tomson T, et al. Breastfeeding while on treatment with antiseizure medications: a systematic review from the ILAE Women Task Force. Epileptic Disord 2022; 24:1020–1032. 198. Darwish M, et al. Rapid disappearance of zaleplon from breast milk after oral administration to lactating women. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39:670–674. 199. Pons G, et al. Excretion of psychoactive drugs into breast milk. Pharmacokinetic principles and recommendations. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994; 27:270–289. 200. Matheson I, et al. The excretion of zopiclone into breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30:267–271. 201. Saito J, et al. Presence of hypnotics in the cord blood and breast milk, with no adverse effects in the infant: a case report. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:349–352. 202. Ilett KF, et al. Transfer of dexamphetamine into breast milk during treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:371–375. 203. Hackett LP, et al. Methylphenidate and breast-­feeding. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40:1890–1891. 204. Bolea-­Alamanac BM, et al. Methylphenidate use in pregnancy and lactation: a systematic review of evidence. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:96–101. 205. Marchese M, et al. Is it safe to breastfeed while taking methylphenidate? Can Fam Physician 2015; 61:765–766. 206. Aurora S, et al. Evaluating transfer of modafinil into human milk during lactation: a case report. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14:2087–2089. 207. Calvo-­Ferrandiz E, et al. Narcolepsy with cataplexy and pregnancy: a case-­control study. J Sleep Res 2018; 27:268–272. 208. Leggett C, et al. Infant exposure to armodafinil through human milk following maternal use of modafinil. J Hum Lact 2023; 39:218–222.

No comments to display

Back to top