55 - References
References
542 The Maudsley® Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry CHAPTER 4 ■ ■Benzodiazepine misuse is frequently seen in multisubstance misuse where opioids may be the primary drug of dependence. ■ ■Consider cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) when withdrawing from benzodiazepines. More detailed information on benzodiazepine withdrawal is given in The Maudsley Deprescribing Guidelines.13 References
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- Milani SA, et al. Trends in the use of benzodiazepines, Z-hypnotics, and serotonergic drugs among US women and men before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2131012.
- Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). A review of the evidence of use and harms of novel benzodiazepines. London: Home Office. 2020; https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/881969/ACMD_report_-_ a_review_of_the_evidence_of_use_and_harms_of_novel_benzodiazepines.pdf.
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- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal symptoms: safe prescribing and withdrawal management for adults. NICE guideline [NG215]. 2022 (last checked April 2024); https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng215.
- Lader M, et al. Withdrawing benzodiazepines in primary care. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:19–34.
- Department of Health. Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. London: Department of Health. 2017; https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/673978/clinical_guidelines_2017.pdf.
- Darker CD, et al. Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 5:CD009652.
- Soni A, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of deprescribing benzodiazepines and Z-drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2023; 118:7–16.
- Gould RL, et al. Interventions for reducing benzodiazepine use in older people: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204:98–107.
- Baandrup L, et al. Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 3:CD011481.
- Horowitz M, et al. The Maudsley Deprescribing Guidelines: Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, Gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024. Table 4.24 Typical diazepam withdrawal schedule for iatrogenic dependence. Week Dose Baseline 30mg/day Week 2 25mg/day Week 4 20mg/day Week 6 18mg/day Week 8 16mg/day Week 10 14mg/day Week 12 12mg/day Week 14 10mg/day Then reduce by 2mg/day every 2 weeks if tolerated.
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