13 Surgical audit and research

ANAL YSING A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE The simplest way to analyse an article from a scientific journal i...

AUDIT AND SERVICE EVALUATION Clinical audit is a process used by clinicians who seek to improve p...

AUDIT OR RESEARCH? Health professionals are expected to undertake audit and service evaluation as...

Computer software packages available Statistical computer packages o ff er a quick way of analysi...

EVIDENCE-BASED SURGERY Surgical practice has been considered an art: ask 50 surgeons how to manag...

Eliminating bias It is important to imagine how a study could be invalidated by thinking of thin...

Ethics In the first instance, common sense is the best guide to whether or not a study is ethical....

FORMING A TEAM One of the most common reasons for the failure of an other wise good research pr...

FURTHER READING Altman DG, Machin D, Bryant TN, Gardner MJ. Statistics with confi - dence , 2nd ed...

I SE R essure dressing for R eduction I n S urgical E mergency laparotomy 840 patients Inclusi...

IDENTIFYING A RESEARCH TOPIC Research is designed to generate new knowledge and might involve tes...

INTRODUCTION Surgeons are innovators and a key aspect of a surgical career is to constantly adapt...

Learning objectives To understand: The planning and conduct of surgical audit and • research How ...

ONLINE RESOURCES AcoRD: https://www .gov .uk/government/publications/guidance-on - - attributing-...

PRESENTING AND PUBLISHING AN ARTICLE There is no point in conducting a research or audit project ...

PROJECT DESIGN During the first phase, it is important to keep in the mind some important question...

Peer review Once the protocol is finalised, formal peer review is needed. In the UK, evidence of ...

Regulatory approvals Interventional clinical or device trials are regulated by the Medicines and ...

Regulatory framework In the UK, the implementation of the UK Policy Framework for Health and Soc...

Research integrity In 2013, Universities UK, in collaboration with major funders of research, de...

SUNRR that enhances the integrity of the study and includes require ments for sponsorship by an ...

Sample size Calculating the number of patients required to perform a satis - factory investigati...

Study protocol Now that the research question has been decided, and it has been checked that su ffi...