69 T_h e liver

ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE Liver blood tests The liver performs a myriad of biochemical, me...

ANATOMY OF THE LIVER Embryology Liver development begins at 3–4 weeks’ gestation when a hepatic f...

Ablation for liver tumours Ablative therapies destroy tumour by the direct application of energy ...

Acute liver failure Causes of acute liver failure Acute liver failure is the development of sudd...

Ascites Accumulation of ascites is a common feature of advanced liver disease irrespective of ...

Benign tumours A number of pathologies produce focal liver lesions, and the three most common be...

Biopsy of liver lesions Liver biopsy is generally considered a safe procedure but is not without ...

Blood loss and transfusion The reduction of blood loss during liver surgery has developed such t...

Budd–Chiari syndrome The Budd–Chiari syndrome a ff ects 1/1 /uni00A0 000 /uni00A0 000 adults and i...

Caroli’s disease Caroli’s disease is a rare congenital dilatation of the intra- - hepatic biliar...

Chronic liver disease Liver disease is the third leading cause of premature death in the UK, and...

Clinical signs Depending on the severity of liver dysfunction, the aetiology and acute or chroni...

Colorectal liver metastases Worldwide colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common solid orga...

Complications of liver trauma A subcapsular or intrahepatic haematoma requires no specific interve...

Cystic lesions Simple liver cysts Simple cysts of the liver are usually asymptomatic and were th...

Diagnosis and grading of liver injury The liver is an extremely well-vascularised organ and blood...

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (E...

FURTHER READING Banale JM, Cardinale V , Carpino G et al. Expert consensus document: Cholangiocar...

Follow-up Optimal follow-up remains controversial, and protocols vary . Close observation will id...

Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) labelled with tech - 99m...

INFECTIVE CONDITIONS OF THE LIVER Ascending cholangitis Ascending cholangitis is a potentially l...

INVESTIGATING LIVER DISEASE Imaging modalities Major advances in surgical approaches to the liver...

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Cholangiocarcinomas develop in the bile duct and demonstrate cons...

INTRODUCTION The liver is a highly complex organ found only in vertebrates that is responsible fo...

LIVER TRAUMA Liver injury due to blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma is second in frequency onl...

LIVER TUMOURS Liver resection continues to evolve, and the safety has been established with a mor...

Learning objectives To understand: The anatomy of the liver • The signs of acute and chronic live...

Ligaments and peritoneal reflections The liver is covered by visceral peritoneum (serosa), with a ...

Liver transplantation Liver transplantation is the only therapy that treats portal hypertension a...

Liver-first approach The traditional surgical strategy for resectable synchronous colorectal liver...

Long-term problems following liver trauma and their management Late complications are rare, but b...

Malignant liver tumours Neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumours Carcinoids are the most common NETs a ff ...

Management of variceal bleeding Resuscitation Varices are ubiquitous in patients with portal hype...

Methods of parenchymal transection An array of techniques and technologies have been developed t...

Microscopic anatomy and structure The liver comprises approximately 100 /uni00A0 000 hexagonal fu...

Mobilisation of the liver Incision A roof top incision is performed 2–3 /uni00A0 cm below the co...

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, non - alcoholic fatty liver disease and chemotherapy-associated he...

Parasitic diseases of the liver The liver is frequently a ff ected by parasitic infections, which...

Primary biliary cirrhosis As with PSC, patients with primary biliary cirrhosis often pres - ent i...

Primary sclerosing cholangitis PSC is a chronic cholestatic liver disease of unknown aetiology ,...

Re-do surgery Close follow-up identifies recurrent isolated liver metastases and if CT and PET exc...

Recurrent or refractory abscesses Recurrent abscesses usually occur when the initial lesion was l...

Resection options Segmental resections Hepatic resection traditionally involved the formal remova...

Segmental anatomy The liver is divided into functional right and left ‘units’ along the line betw...

Surgical approaches to liver trauma When a laparotomy is indicated, especially when CT scanning i...

Surgical approaches to resection of liver tumours Parenchyma-preserving resections that achieve a...

Synchronous colon and liver resection Synchronous resectable liver metastases are frequently iden...

The blood supply to the liver The liver is composed of eight segments ( Figure 69.1 ), each supp...

The hilum of the liver The porta hepatis is a pronounced transverse fissure on the visceral surfac...

The venous drainage The IVC occupies a groove on the posterior surface of the liver that drains ...