81 Urinary symptoms and investigations

Bladder function assessment Flow rate and ultrasound scan residual urine Men with LUTS and women ...

Endoscopy Cystoscopy To further evaluate urinary symptoms, the entire lining of the urinary tract...

Epididymis Epididymal pathology is rare in prepubertal males. In sexually active males, acute epi...

FURTHER READING Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Kopp JB. Prostate specific antigen levels in men older than ...

Glans penis In the younger male, genitourinary warts due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection ...

HAEMATURIA Haematuria occurs when there is blood in the urine. This is now classified as visible h...

INVESTIGATION OF URINARY SYMPTOMS Blood tests Blood counts and chemistry Initial blood tests in s...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

LESS COMMON URINARY SYMPTOMS Haematospermia This refers to blood, which can be bright red or a br...

LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS A normal micturition cycle consists of two phases: storage and void...

Learning objectives To understand: The signi /f_i cance of pain relating to urinary tract patholo...

PAIN Pain is a common urological symptom. Pain while passing urine is called dysuria and refers t...

Penis Peyronie’s disease is an idiopathic condition in which fibrosis develops in the corpora cave...

Pneumaturia This is gas in the urine. Patients typically describe frothy urine, bubbles in the ur...

Prepuce (foreskin) Phimosis occurs when the distal foreskin is tight and will not retract. Paraph...

Radiology Urinary tract ultrasound scan USS ( Figure 81.14 ) can characterise pathologies of the...

SPECT/CT and PET/CT Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomo...

SYMPTOMS RELATED TO THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA Testis A testis may be absent from the scrotum in pati...

Spermatic cord Ten per cent of males have a left-sided varicocele and a smaller left testis. Mas...

Uraemia Rarely , the initial symptoms of urological disease may be those of severe renal dysfun...

Urethra Hypospadias occurs when there is failure of the urethra to completely close on the ventr...

Urine-based tests Urinalysis In a urine dipstick test, used to screen for significant disease, uri...