2 Shock, haemorrhage and transfusion

After haemorrhage control Once haemorrhage is controlled, patients should be defini - tively res...

Blood and blood products Blood is collected from donors who have been previously screened before ...

Blood groups and cross-matching Human red cells have on their cell surface many di ff erent - anti...

Blood substitutes Blood substitutes are an attractive alternative to the costly process of donat...

Classification of shock There are numerous ways to classify shock, but the most common and most cl...

Clinical consequences of shock Unresuscitatable shock Patients who are in profound shock for a pr...

Complications of blood transfusion Complications from blood transfusion can be categorised as tho...

Conduct of resuscitation Resuscitation should not be delayed in order to definitively diagnose the...

Cross-matching To prevent transfusion reactions, all transfusions are preceded by ABO and rhesus ...

Damage control resuscitation Damage control resuscitation (DCR), also known as haemo - static res...

Degree of haemorrhage and classification The adult human has approximately 5 litres of blood (70 ...

Definitions Revealed and concealed haemorrhage Haemorrhage may be revealed or concealed. Revealed ...

End points of resuscitation It is much easier to know when to start resuscitation than when to st...

FURTHER READING Cole E, Weaver A, Gall L et al . A decade of damage control resusci - tation: ...

HAEMORRHAGE RESUSCITATION The conduct and goals of resuscitation change depending on whether the...

HAEMORRHAGE Uncontrolled bleeding will lead to a hypovolaemic shock - state, or haemorrhagic shoc...

Identify haemorrhage External haemorrhage may be obvious, but the diagnosis of concealed haemorrh...

Indications for blood transfusion Blood transfusions should be avoided if possible, and many pre...

INTRODUCTION Shock is the most common cause of death of surgical patients. Death may occur rapi...

Learning objectives To understand: The pathophysiology of shock • The different patterns of shock...

Monitoring The minimum standard for monitoring of the patient in shock is continuous heart rate ...

Pathophysiology Cellular As perfusion to the tissues is reduced, cells are deprived of oxygen and...

Recognition and diagnosis of shock Shock may be profound and easily recognised or it may be - sub...

SHOCK RESUSCITATION Immediate resuscitation manoeuvres for patients presenting in - shock are t...

SHOCK Shock is a systemic state of low tissue perfusion that is inade quate for normal cellular ...

TRANSFUSION The transfusion of blood and blood products has become commonplace since the first su...

Transfusion reactions If antibodies present in the recipient’s serum are incompatible with the d...

Vasopressor and inotropic support Vasopressor or inotropic therapy is not indicated as first-line ...