62 Venous disorders
AXILLARY VEIN THROMBOSIS
AXILLARY VEIN THROMBOSIS Thrombosis of the axillary vein (Paget–Schrotter disease) may occur fol...
Aetiology
Aetiology The three factors described by Virchow over a century ago are still relevant in the dev...
CLINICAL FEATURES OF VENOUS HYPERTENSION OF THE LE
CLINICAL FEATURES OF VENOUS HYPERTENSION OF THE LEG The following clinical features are commonly ...
CONGENITAL VENOUS ANOMALIES
CONGENITAL VENOUS ANOMALIES There are four main types of anomaly: /uni25CF aplasia; /uni25CF hyp...
Classification system
Classification system The descriptive CEAP (Clinical–aEtiology–Anatomy–Patho physiology) classifica...
Clinical features
Clinical features The ulcer must be carefully examined. A venous ulcer usually has a gently slopi...
Cystic degeneration
Cystic degeneration As in the peripheral arterial system, cystic degeneration of the vein wall i...
Diagnosis
Diagnosis The most common presentation of a DVT is pain and swelling, especially in the calf, us...
Epidemiology
Epidemiology The adult prevalence of visible varicose veins is between 30% and 50%. Factors a ff ...
FURTHER READING
FURTHER READING Barwell JR, Davies CE, Deacon J et al. Comparison of surgery and compression wit...
Introduction
INTRODUCTION Up to 40% of the adult population in resource-rich countries have diseases of the ...
Investigation
Investigation Tourniquet tests and the use of hand-held Doppler have now been abandoned. There i...
Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome This is a combined anomaly of a cutaneous naevus, persistent vestigia...
Learning objectives
Learning objectives To understand: Venous anatomy and physiology • The pathophysiology of venous ...
Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the vein wall
Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the vein wall These are extremely rare tumours that are usually s...
Management
Management Many patients with asymptomatic varicose veins do not progress - to develop complicati...
PEL VIC CONGESTION SYNDROME
PEL VIC CONGESTION SYNDROME Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is among the di ff erential diagnoses...
Pathology
Pathology The thrombus commences as a platelet aggregate. Subse quently , fibrin and red cells for...
Pathophysiology of ulceration
Pathophysiology of ulceration The exact pathophysiology of ulcer development has not been establ...
Prevention of recurrence
Prevention of recurrence Once an ulcer has healed the patient must be re-evaluated in an attempt ...
Prognosis
Prognosis Nearly all venous ulcers can be healed, but, even in those who have successful ablation...
Prophylaxis
Prophylaxis Prophylactic methods can be divided into mechanical and pharmacological. A variety of...
Signs
Signs The presence of tortuous dilated subcutaneous veins is usually clinically obvious. These a...
Symptoms
Symptoms Varicose veins frequently cause symptoms. Patients describe aching, heaviness, throbbing...
THE ANATOMY OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM OF THE LOWER LIMB
THE ANATOMY OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM OF THE LOWER LIMB The venous system of the lower limb can be di...
Treatment
Treatment Deep vein thrombosis The management of DVT has in the past been focused upon reducing ...
VENOUS ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES
VENOUS ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES The axillary vein and the popliteal vein are the two veins that are m...
VENOUS INJURY
VENOUS INJURY Blunt or penetrating trauma almost always damages some small and medium-sized veins...
VENOUS LEG ULCER
VENOUS LEG ULCER V enous disease is responsible for around 85% of all chronic lower limb ulcers ...
VENOUS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
VENOUS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The purpose of the venous system is primarily to return blood back to the...
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM V enous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important condition within surgery , a...
VENOUS TUMOURS Venous malformation cavernous angio
VENOUS TUMOURS Venous malformation cavernous angioma/haemangioma These malformations are common, ...