55 T_h e thyroid gland

Benign tumours Follicular adenomas present as clinically solitary nodules us ( Figure 55.21 ) and...

Calcitonin The parafollicular C cells of the thyroid are of neuroendocrine origin and arrive in...

Clinical features of thyroid cancers The annual incidence is about 0.8 per million of the popula...

Clinically discrete swellings Discrete thyroid swellings (thyroid nodules) are common and are pal...

Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms Clinical history and examination continue to be the cornerstone of...

EMBRYOLOGY The embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands underlies the anatomical positio...

FURTHER READING Bible KC, Kebebew E, Brierly J et al . 2021 American Thyroid Association guidelin...

Follicular carcinoma Follicular carcinoma can normally only be di ff erentiated from follicular ad...

Granulomatous thyroiditis (subacute thyroiditis, de Quervain’s thyroiditis) This may follow a vir...

Granulomatous thyroiditis (subacute thyroiditis, de Quervain’s thyroiditis) This may follow a vir...

HYPERTHYROIDISM Thyrotoxicosis The term thyrotoxicosis is retained because hyperthyroidism, i.e. ...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Isotope scanning The uptake by the thyroid of a low dose of either radiolabelled 123 99m I) or ...

Learning objectives To understand the development and anatomy of the • thyroid gland To know the ...

Malignant lymphoma In the past, many malignant lymphomas were diagnosed as small round-cell anapl...

Malignant tumours The vast majority of primary malignancies are carcinomas derived from the foll...

Medullary carcinoma These are tumours of the parafollicular (C cells) derived from the neural cr...

NEOPLASMS OF THE THYROID Classification of thyroid neoplasms is presented in Table 55.6 and the r...

PHYSIOLOGY Thyroxine The hormones tri-iodothyronine (T ) and /l.sc -thyroxine (T 3 bound to thyro...

Prognosis in differentiated thyroid carcinoma The prognosis in di ff erentiated thyroid cancers i...

SURGICAL ANATOMY The normal thyroid gland weighs 20–25 /uni00A0 g. The functioning unit is the lo...

Serum thyroid hormones Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH levels can be measured accurately do...

Simple goitre Aetiology Simple goitre may develop as a result of stimulation of the thyroid gla...

Surgery for thyrotoxicosis Preoperative preparation Traditional preparation aims to make the pati...

Surgical treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer This subject has many contentious aspects. F...

Surgical treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer This subject has many contentious aspects. F...

THYROID ENLARGEMENT The normal thyroid gland is impalpable. The term goitre (from the Latin guttu...

THYROIDITIS Chronic lymphocytic (autoimmune) thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) This common condit...

THYROIDITIS Chronic lymphocytic (autoimmune) thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) This common condit...

Thyroid autoantibodies Serum levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglob...

Thyroid imaging The workhorse investigation in thyroid disease for the surgeon is ultrasonography...

Thyroid-stimulating antibodies A family of IgG immunoglobulins bind with TSH receptor sites (TRA...

Treatment When medullary carcinoma is diagnosed, staging of the neck and chest should be perform...

Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma This is one of the most aggressive malignancies in human...