DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES

DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES

Developmental abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord can be divided into primary bony disorders (e.g. congenital scoliosis, as discussed above) and primary neurological disor ders (e.g. spina bifida, Arnold–Chiari malformation and spinal dysraphism).

Figure 37.9 This 13-year-old girl sustained a cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) following a dive into a swimming pool. The International Standards for Neurological Classi /f_i cation of Spinal Cord Impairment (ISNCSCI), commonly referred to as the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), are based on a standardised sensory and motor assessment. The ASIA Impairment Scale splits these grades into: grade A (complete), grade B (sensory incomplete), grade C (motor incomplete, muscle grade <3), grade D (motor incomplete, muscle

3. and grade E (normal). The patient was diagnosed with a C5 ASIA B SCI. The T2 sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan (a) demon strated signal change maximal at the C6 level. The patient developed signi /f_i cant neuromuscular scoliosis. The anteroposterior (AP) sitting radiograph (b) demonstrates a right thoracic curve with a Cobb angle of 104° and a left lumbar curve with a Cobb angle of 82°. Following pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion from T2 to L5, the right thoracic curve corrected to 40° and the left lumbar curve corrected to 38° as noted on the AP radiograph (c) with restoration of sagittal balance (d) .

DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES

Developmental abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord can be divided into primary bony disorders (e.g. congenital scoliosis, as discussed above) and primary neurological disor ders (e.g. spina bifida, Arnold–Chiari malformation and spinal dysraphism).

Figure 37.9 This 13-year-old girl sustained a cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) following a dive into a swimming pool. The International Standards for Neurological Classi /f_i cation of Spinal Cord Impairment (ISNCSCI), commonly referred to as the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), are based on a standardised sensory and motor assessment. The ASIA Impairment Scale splits these grades into: grade A (complete), grade B (sensory incomplete), grade C (motor incomplete, muscle grade <3), grade D (motor incomplete, muscle

3. and grade E (normal). The patient was diagnosed with a C5 ASIA B SCI. The T2 sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan (a) demon strated signal change maximal at the C6 level. The patient developed signi /f_i cant neuromuscular scoliosis. The anteroposterior (AP) sitting radiograph (b) demonstrates a right thoracic curve with a Cobb angle of 104° and a left lumbar curve with a Cobb angle of 82°. Following pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion from T2 to L5, the right thoracic curve corrected to 40° and the left lumbar curve corrected to 38° as noted on the AP radiograph (c) with restoration of sagittal balance (d) .

DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES

Developmental abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord can be divided into primary bony disorders (e.g. congenital scoliosis, as discussed above) and primary neurological disor ders (e.g. spina bifida, Arnold–Chiari malformation and spinal dysraphism).

Figure 37.9 This 13-year-old girl sustained a cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) following a dive into a swimming pool. The International Standards for Neurological Classi /f_i cation of Spinal Cord Impairment (ISNCSCI), commonly referred to as the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), are based on a standardised sensory and motor assessment. The ASIA Impairment Scale splits these grades into: grade A (complete), grade B (sensory incomplete), grade C (motor incomplete, muscle grade <3), grade D (motor incomplete, muscle

3. and grade E (normal). The patient was diagnosed with a C5 ASIA B SCI. The T2 sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan (a) demon strated signal change maximal at the C6 level. The patient developed signi /f_i cant neuromuscular scoliosis. The anteroposterior (AP) sitting radiograph (b) demonstrates a right thoracic curve with a Cobb angle of 104° and a left lumbar curve with a Cobb angle of 82°. Following pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion from T2 to L5, the right thoracic curve corrected to 40° and the left lumbar curve corrected to 38° as noted on the AP radiograph (c) with restoration of sagittal balance (d) .