HER2 gene amplification

HER2 gene amplification

HER2 status influences the selection of therapy for breast cancer and metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumours with HER2 amplification may be treated with the monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab or pertuzumab, often in combination with other drugs. Recent data suggest that HER2 amplification may be a relevant therapeutic target in metastatic CRCs that are microsatellite stable. Summary box 11.16 Tumour types that may respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF

Breast carcinoma Urothelial carcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Small cell lung cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma Malignant melanoma

Translocations can produce novel fusion genes that either produce a chimeric protein, e.g. BCR-ABL t(9:22) in chronic myeloid leukaemia, or may place an active promoter next to a proto-oncogene, causing its activation, e.g. t(14:18) IGH-BCL2 in follicular lymphoma. Translocations that activate tyrosine kinases can result in drug responsiveness, e.g. ALK, RET , NTRK, ROS and FGFR2 . Tumour mutation burden Tumour mutation burden (TMB) is a recently recognised biomarker. A higher number of mutations within the tumour corresponds to a higher TMB. High levels of TMB can predict response to ICIs. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and detection of MSI-H are also used for this purpose. HER2 gene amplification

HER2 status influences the selection of therapy for breast cancer and metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumours with HER2 amplification may be treated with the monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab or pertuzumab, often in combination with other drugs. Recent data suggest that HER2 amplification may be a relevant therapeutic target in metastatic CRCs that are microsatellite stable. Summary box 11.16 Tumour types that may respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF

Breast carcinoma Urothelial carcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Small cell lung cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma Malignant melanoma

Translocations can produce novel fusion genes that either produce a chimeric protein, e.g. BCR-ABL t(9:22) in chronic myeloid leukaemia, or may place an active promoter next to a proto-oncogene, causing its activation, e.g. t(14:18) IGH-BCL2 in follicular lymphoma. Translocations that activate tyrosine kinases can result in drug responsiveness, e.g. ALK, RET , NTRK, ROS and FGFR2 . Tumour mutation burden Tumour mutation burden (TMB) is a recently recognised biomarker. A higher number of mutations within the tumour corresponds to a higher TMB. High levels of TMB can predict response to ICIs. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and detection of MSI-H are also used for this purpose. HER2 gene amplification

HER2 status influences the selection of therapy for breast cancer and metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumours with HER2 amplification may be treated with the monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab or pertuzumab, often in combination with other drugs. Recent data suggest that HER2 amplification may be a relevant therapeutic target in metastatic CRCs that are microsatellite stable. Summary box 11.16 Tumour types that may respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF /uni25CF

Breast carcinoma Urothelial carcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Small cell lung cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma Malignant melanoma

Translocations can produce novel fusion genes that either produce a chimeric protein, e.g. BCR-ABL t(9:22) in chronic myeloid leukaemia, or may place an active promoter next to a proto-oncogene, causing its activation, e.g. t(14:18) IGH-BCL2 in follicular lymphoma. Translocations that activate tyrosine kinases can result in drug responsiveness, e.g. ALK, RET , NTRK, ROS and FGFR2 . Tumour mutation burden Tumour mutation burden (TMB) is a recently recognised biomarker. A higher number of mutations within the tumour corresponds to a higher TMB. High levels of TMB can predict response to ICIs. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and detection of MSI-H are also used for this purpose.