83 T_h e urinary bladder

APPLIED ANATOMY OF THE BLADDER Arterial supply /uni25CF Superior vesical artery (from the umbilic...

APPLIED EMBRYOLOGY OF THE BLADDER The bladder originally develops from the cloaca, the endodermis...

APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY OF THE BLADDER The two predominant neurotransmitters controlling LUT functio...

Antimuscarinics There are five types of muscarinic receptor, M1–5, in various organs in the human...

BLADDER CANCER Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease with 540 /uni00A0 000 cases worldwide...

BLADDER STONES Bladder stones account for 5% of all urinary tract stone disease. They can be cla...

BLADDER TRAUMA Bladder trauma can be classified as iatrogenic or non-iatrogenic (blunt or penetrat...

Bladder exstrophy Bladder exstrophy is a congenital disorder in which failure of development of ...

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic condition ch...

Bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that consists of three principal layers:...

CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE BLADDER Chronic inflammatory conditions of the bladder are...

CONGENITAL BLADDER ANOMALIES Most congenital bladder anomalies can be detected on antena - - tal ...

Catheterisation The immediate treatment for urinary retention of any cause is urethral catheteri...

Classification Bladder injuries can be either extraperitoneal (the peritoneum is intact and urine ...

Clinical features /uni25CF May be asymptomatic. /uni25CF Haematuria. /uni25CF Dysuria. /uni25CF F...

Composition Primary endemic bladder stones in children are usually composed of ammonium urate an...

Congenital and acquired bladder

Congenital neuropathic bladder Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) refers to the s...

Enuresis Enuresis, or bedwetting, describes urinary incontinence during sleep in any child over t...

Epidemiology Urinary incontinence is highly prevalent, a ff ecting 25–45% of men and women, and th...

Extraperitoneal injury The management of extraperitoneal rupture consists of urethral catheteri...

Fascia and ligamentous supports /uni25CF At the posterolateral bladder neck, condensations of fa...

Grading and staging Bladder cancer is graded as well di ff erentiated (G1), moderately di ff erenti...

HAEMATURIA Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can be clas sified as visible (VH...

INNERVATION OF THE BLADDER The lower urinary tract (LUT) is innervated by sympathetic, parasympat...

Intraperitoneal injury Intraperitoneal injuries usually require open surgical repair to reduce th...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Investigation The diagnosis is made on imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography [CT], magnetic re...

Ketamine cystitis Ketamine is an N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. It has been used for de...

Learning objectives To describe: The anatomical, embryological and pharmacological • features of ...

Lymphatics /uni25CF Internal iliac, hypogastric, obturator and external iliac chain of nodes. /u...

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer The two primary radical treatment options for MIBC are radi cal cy...

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer The aim of managing patients with NMIBC is to reduce the risk...

Pathogenesis The most common route of infection is ascending UTI; contamination of the vaginal ...

Pathology The commonest type of bladder cancer is transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma ( Tabl...

Postoperative mitomycin C instillation Approximately 30% of patients with NMIBC will experience ...

Presentation Patients most commonly present with painless haematuria (in 85%). Storage LUTS of f...

Radiation cystitis Radiation cystitis is a common complication of pelvic radio therapy with inci...

Special cases Genitourinary tuberculosis Genitourinary tuberculosis (GU-TB) caused by Mycobacteri...

Spinal cord injury SCI often results in significant LUT dysfunction with a high risk of UTI/sepsi...

Suprapubic catheterisation Suprapubic catheterisation (SPC) carries a small but significant risk o...

Surgical treatment of bladder diverticula Congenital bladder diverticula should only be treated i...

TRACT DYSFUNCTION NLUTD refers to bladder and/or urethral sphincteric disorders that result from ...

The micturition cycle The key characteristics of the two phases of the micturition cycle are ( ...

Treatment The cause of the stone should be sought and treated; this may include bladder outlet o...

Types of catheter Catheters can be classified based on their size (French scale), number of chann...

URINARY INCONTINENCE Urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of urine. It can be c...

URINARY RETENTION Urinary retention is defined as the inability to pass urine despite persistent e...

URINARY TRACT FISTULAE A fistula is an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tub...

URINARY TRACT INFECTION UTI is the inflammatory response of the urothelium to bacte - rial invasi...

Urachal anomalies Urachal anomalies are often detected after birth with symptoms of umbilical di...

Urethral catheterisation 1 Aseptic technique – handwashing, sterile gloves, sterile catheter pack...

Venous drainage V esical plexuses on the lateral and inferior surfaces of the bladder drain into...

Vesicovaginal fistulae VVF is the most common urinary tract fistula. In developing countries, obste...

cycle Storage phase The storage phase of the micturition cycle requires relaxation of the detru...

diverticula Bladder diverticula can be congenital or acquired (secondary to infravesical bladder ...

α -adrenoceptor antagonists 1 The α -adrenoceptor antagonists are commonly used to 1 improve void...

β -adrenoceptor agonists 3 β -adrenoceptor agonists are relatively new pharmacological 3 agents t...