UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY

UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY

OGD is the most commonly performed endoscopic procedure. Excellent visualisation of the oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction, stomach, duodenal bulb and second part of the duodenum can be obtained. Retroversion of the gastroscope in the stomach is essential to obtain complete views of the gastric cardia and fundus ( Figure 9.3 ). Traditional forward-viewing endoscopes do not adequately visualise the ampulla, and a side-viewing scope should be used if this is essential. Likewise, - although it is possible to reach the third part of the duodenum with a standard 120-cm instrument, a longer enteroscope is required if views beyond the ligament of Treitz are r equired. In addition to clear mucosal views, diagnostic endoscopy allows mucosal biopsies to be taken, which may either undergo processing for histological examination or be used for near-patient detection of Helicobacter pylori infection using a commercial urease-based kit. In addition, brushings may be taken for cytology and aspirates for microbiological culture. - UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY

OGD is the most commonly performed endoscopic procedure. Excellent visualisation of the oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction, stomach, duodenal bulb and second part of the duodenum can be obtained. Retroversion of the gastroscope in the stomach is essential to obtain complete views of the gastric cardia and fundus ( Figure 9.3 ). Traditional forward-viewing endoscopes do not adequately visualise the ampulla, and a side-viewing scope should be used if this is essential. Likewise, - although it is possible to reach the third part of the duodenum with a standard 120-cm instrument, a longer enteroscope is required if views beyond the ligament of Treitz are r equired. In addition to clear mucosal views, diagnostic endoscopy allows mucosal biopsies to be taken, which may either undergo processing for histological examination or be used for near-patient detection of Helicobacter pylori infection using a commercial urease-based kit. In addition, brushings may be taken for cytology and aspirates for microbiological culture. - UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY

OGD is the most commonly performed endoscopic procedure. Excellent visualisation of the oesophagus, gastro-oesophageal junction, stomach, duodenal bulb and second part of the duodenum can be obtained. Retroversion of the gastroscope in the stomach is essential to obtain complete views of the gastric cardia and fundus ( Figure 9.3 ). Traditional forward-viewing endoscopes do not adequately visualise the ampulla, and a side-viewing scope should be used if this is essential. Likewise, - although it is possible to reach the third part of the duodenum with a standard 120-cm instrument, a longer enteroscope is required if views beyond the ligament of Treitz are r equired. In addition to clear mucosal views, diagnostic endoscopy allows mucosal biopsies to be taken, which may either undergo processing for histological examination or be used for near-patient detection of Helicobacter pylori infection using a commercial urease-based kit. In addition, brushings may be taken for cytology and aspirates for microbiological culture. -