66 T_h e oesophagus
APPLIED SURGICAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
APPLIED SURGICAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The oesophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx ...
Achalasia
Achalasia Pathology and aetiology The term achalasia originated from the Greek word ‘khalasis’, m...
Aetiology
Aetiology Iatrogenic perforation secondary to endoscopic procedures such as dilatation of strict...
Ambulatory reflux and combined pH– impedance monito
Ambulatory reflux and combined pH– impedance monitoring Ambulatory reflux monitoring is considered ...
BARRETT’S OESOPHAGUS Diagnosis and definitions
BARRETT’S OESOPHAGUS Diagnosis and definitions Barrett’s oesophagus is a known complication of GO...
Benign pathologies
Benign pathologies Benign epithelial lesions include papillomas, fibrovascular polyps, glycogen ac...
CARCINOMA OF THE OESOPHAGUS Epidemiology
CARCINOMA OF THE OESOPHAGUS Epidemiology Oesophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worl...
CAUSTIC INJURY
CAUSTIC INJURY Caustic injury to the oesophagus can be mild, but also is - potentially lethal. Mo...
Clinical features
Clinical features Symptoms of GORD can be classified into oesophageal or extraoesophageal. Typica...
Complex gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Complex gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Peptic strictures and dilatation Reflux-induced stricture...
Diagnosis
Diagnosis In most cases, the diagnosis is assumed rather than proven, and treatment is empirical....
Disease staging
Disease staging Careful disease staging is essential to guide therapy . Current staging classifica...
EOSINOPHILIC OESOPHAGITIS
EOSINOPHILIC OESOPHAGITIS EOO is defined as a chronic, immune/antigen-mediated oesophageal diseas...
Endoluminal functional lumen imaging planimetry
Endoluminal functional lumen imaging planimetry Endoluminal functional lumen imaging planimetry (...
Endoscopy
Endoscopy Endoscopy is an essential tool with both diagnostic and thera - peutic roles. A standar...
Endosonography
Endosonography Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) relies on a high-frequency (5–30 /uni00A0 MHz) tr...
FOREIGN BODIES IN OESOPHAGUS
FOREIGN BODIES IN OESOPHAGUS Swallowed foreign bodies are common and tend to impact at the three ...
FURTHER READING
FURTHER READING Bennett RD, Starghan DM, V elanocivh V . Gastroesophageal reflux dis - ease, hiata...
GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE Aetiology
GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE Aetiology GORD is defined by the ‘Montreal definition’ as a condi...
INVESTIGATIONS OF
INVESTIGATIONS OF
Introduction
Introduction No content extracted automatically.
Learning objectives
Learning objectives To understand: The anatomy and physiology of the oesophagus and their benign ...
MALLORY–WEISS SYNDROME AND INTRAMURAL OESOPHAGEAL
MALLORY–WEISS SYNDROME AND INTRAMURAL OESOPHAGEAL HAEMATOMA/DISSECTION Forceful vomiting may lead...
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS Plummer–Vinson (in the USA) or Paterson–Brown-Kelly syndrome (UK) refers...
MOTILITY DISORDERS AND DIVERTICULA Oesophageal mot
MOTILITY DISORDERS AND DIVERTICULA Oesophageal motility disorders Oesophageal motility disorders ...
Management of uncomplicated GORD
Management of uncomplicated GORD Lifestyle modification Patients are recommended to have a healthy...
Management
Management In stable patients with a clear history and contained perfo ration, sometimes conserva...
Manometric classification
Manometric classification Oesophageal motility disorders are classified on HRM under the Chicago cl...
Multimodality treatment strategies
Multimodality treatment strategies Results from surgical resection alone have improved. Mortality...
NEOPLASMS OF THE OESOPHAGUS
NEOPLASMS OF THE OESOPHAGUS
OESOPHAGEAL DISEASES Radiography
OESOPHAGEAL DISEASES Radiography As a posterior mediastinal structure, the oesophagus is normall...
OESOPHAGEAL INVOL VEMENT IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE
OESOPHAGEAL INVOL VEMENT IN SYSTEMIC DISEASE The oesophagus can be a ff ected by a variety of syst...
OESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION
OESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION Oesophageal perforation is associated with high morbidity and mortality r...
OESOPHAGEAL ULCERATION INFECTIONS
OESOPHAGEAL ULCERATION/ INFECTIONS GORD is the most common cause of oesophageal ulceration but th...
Oesophageal manometry
Oesophageal manometry Manometry is used to diagnose oesophageal motility disorders and to assess ...
Oesophageal varices
Oesophageal varices Oesophageal varices usually present with sudden, large-volume haematemesis se...
Other oesophageal motility disorders
Other oesophageal motility disorders Hypercontractile motility disorders Distal oesophageal spasm...
Palliation
Palliation In the presence of distant metastases, palliation is the aim. Dysphagia is the main s...
Pharyngeal and oesophageal diverticula
Pharyngeal and oesophageal diverticula Oesophageal diverticula can be classified as true diverticu...
Presentation and diagnosis
Presentation and diagnosis Sometimes the history is obvious, such as after instrumenta - - tion o...
Screening and surveillance
Screening and surveillance The risk factors for Barrett’s oesophagus and related neoplasm include...
Surgical management
Surgical management While most patients’ symptoms are satisfactorily controlled with PPIs and oth...
Treatment
Treatment When Barrett’s oesophagus is discovered, the treatment is that of the underlying GORD....