20 Paediatric urology

Antenatal fetal hydronephrosis Hydronephrosis /uni00A0 – /uni00A0 a dilated renal pelvis /uni00A0...

DISORDERS OR DIFFERENCES IN SEX DIFFERENTIATION Some, but not all, children with abnormalities of...

EMBRYOLOGY Four areas of developmental biology are relevant: (i) the two stages of testicular d...

Epispadias/bladder exstrophy Epispadias is a rare dorsal penile defect with an opening whose uppe...

Hypospadias The genital tubercle becomes a penis under the influence of androgens with a tubula...

INTRODUCTION Paediatric urologists are paediatric surgeons who subspecialise in the conditions ou...

Learning objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the indications for ...

NEUROPATHIC BLADDER A myelomeningocele, lipomyelomeningocele, fatty filum or an occult tethered co...

Posterior urethral valves PUVs are membranous folds that obstruct the lumen of the posterior uret...

Radioisotope renal imaging 99m The metastable radioisotope Tc emits gamma rays during 99 an isome...

THE PENIS Foreskin disorders and circumcision Surgical referrals for foreskin problems are common...

URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION

UROLITHIASIS The prevalence of urolithiasis in children varies from around 1–5% in Asia, 5–10% i...

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, also often called pe...

Ureterovesical junction obstruction/ megaureters Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction is t...

Vesicoureteral reflux V esicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder...