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ACUTE APPENDICITIS In early appendicitis, there is a fever of 37.3–38.4°C, anorexia, a few vomit...

ACUTE SCROTAL DISORDERS Testicular torsion Intravaginal (bell clapper) testicular torsion is well...

ANORECTAL PROBLEMS Constipation The passage of hard or infrequent stools may be secondary to an ...

Ascending testes Some scrotal testes in infancy are later found in the high scro - tum or groin w...

Epididymo-orchitis Bacterial or viral inflammation is occasionally found on exploration for suspec...

GASTROSTOMY A gastrostomy may be requested for nutritional support. Options include an open Stamm...

HISTORY AND EXAMINATION An opportunistic rather than a systematic approach may be needed in the p...

Hydroceles A hydrocele is a fluid collection between the parietal and visceral layers of the tuni...

INFANTILE HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS Pyloric stenosis presents with non-bilious projectile vom...

INGUINOSCROTAL DISORDERS Undi ff erentiated gonads, influenced by the Y chromosome, develop into te...

INTUSSUSCEPTION Most intussusceptions occur between 2 months and 2 years. More than 80% are ileoc...

Idiopathic scrotal oedema Typically , a 5- to 7-year-old boy presents with a swollen hemi-scrotum...

Impalpable undescended testes Impalpable UDTs are absent, canalicular or abdominal. Imaging is un...

Inguinal hernia repair The herniated contents may reduce after the induction of anaesthesia. If ...

and theatres. An infant’s head accounts for 20% of the surface area compared with 10% in adults....

MIDLINE HERNIAS The embryonic umbilical ring encircles a defect in the ventral abdominal wall tra...

Meckel’s diverticulum A 4-year-old presenting with a haemoglobin level of 40 /uni00A0 g/L - will...

Non-specific abdominal pain The clinical features of NSAP are similar to acute appendicitis, but ...

OPERATIVE SURGERY Preoperative fasting should be limited ( Summary box 17.2 ). Surgery requires m...

PAEDIATRIC SURGICAL ONCOLOGY Neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma are two solid abdominal tumours. Ne...

PERIOPERATIVE FLUIDS There are four reasons for giving intravenous fluids: acute circu latory supp...

Palpable undescended testes Palpable UDTs require an orchidopexy at between 6 and 12 months. The ...

Rare causes of abdominal pain Other causes of acute abdominal pain include Henoch– Schönlein purp...

Rectal prolapse Rectal mucosal prolapse occurs in toddlers and is exacerbated by straining or squ...

Retractile testes A retractile testis is palpable in the groin and can be brought into the scrotu...

Torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis The appendix testis (hydatid of Morgagni)...

Torsion of the appendix testis and appendix epididymis The appendix testis (hydatid of Morgagni)...

Undescended testes A normally descended testis reaches the scrotal floor with a good cord length a...