82 T_h e kidney and ureter

Acquired renal cystic disease Most patients on haemodialysis develop bilateral renal cysts - afte...

Antenatal hydronephrosis The prevalence of antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) ranges from 0.6% to 5....

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)...

Benign renal tumours Incidental detection of renal lesions has increased owing to - the widespre...

CONGENITAL DISEASES Renal agenesis Complete absence of one kidney occurs in 1 in 3000 live birth...

Children See also Chapter 20 . Stones are rare in children. Childhood urolithiasis is more common...

Classification UTI is classified as uncomplicated when it occurs in an immunocompetent host with a...

Clinical presentation Incidentally detected asymptomatic stones are increasingly diagnosed becaus...

Complications Renal and ureteric stones can lead to significant morbidity owing to urinary tract o...

Congenital megaureter The normal ureteric diameter in children up to 16 years is 0.50–0.65 /uni00...

Congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction Congenital PUJO is the most common cause of unilat...

Diagnosis The diagnostic approach can be classified into investigations done in the emergency sett...

Ectopic kidney This occurs when the mature kidney fails to reach its normal location in the lumba...

Ectopic ureters An ectopic ureter is one that drains to regions other than the bladder. Ectopic u...

Endourology Endourological procedures are the current preferred mode of - treatment owing to thei...

Epidemiology The lifetime prevalence varies from 1% to 20% and the causes are multifactorial. Rec...

Genetic renal cysts These cystic renal lesions have a known genetic inheritance. They are usuall...

Horseshoe kidney This is the most common renal fusion anomaly , occurring in about1 in 400 live b...

INFECTIONS UTI is very common and a ff ects all ages and both sexes. It can cause significant morbi...

Introduction No content extracted automatically.

Learning objectives To know: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and ureter • Classi /f_i cation o...

Multicystic dysplastic kidney Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is the second most common caus...

Non-endourological surgical management Open surgery such as pyelolithotomy and anatrophic nephro ...

Non-surgical management of stone disease This involves watchful waiting, medical expulsive therap...

Pathogenesis Stone formation results from a cascade of events that occur during and after urine ...

Pregnancy Renal colic is the leading cause of non-obstetric hospital admission in pregnancy . Th...

RENAL CYSTS Renal cysts can be broadly classified into sporadic, acquired and genetic causes.

Renal cell carcinoma RCC is the most common solid neoplasm of the kidney . It accounts for aroun...

Retrocaval ureter This is due to anomalous development of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with per...

Sporadic renal cysts Sporadic renal cysts are usually benign. Cysts with thin, sharply defined wal...

Surgical management Indications for surgical intervention /uni25CF Failure of medical management...

TUMOURS OF THE KIDNEYS AND URETERS Upper tract urothelial cancer Primary urothelial neoplasms of ...

Tuberculosis of the urinary tract Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) accounts for 15–20% of extrap...

Types of stones Calcium oxalate stones This is the most common type of stone, constituting 60–85...

URETERS Renal trauma Kidneys are retroperitoneal structures; they are relatively fixed by their va...

Ureteral duplication Duplication of the ureter ( Figure 82.3 ) and renal pelvis is a common anom...

Ureteral trauma Most ureteral injuries are iatrogenic and occur during surgery near the ureter. G...

Ureterocele Ureterocele is a cystic enlargement of the intramural ureter, which probably occurs ...

Wilms’ tumour See also Chapter 17 . This is the most common tumour of childhood, account - ing f...