30 T_h e neck and spine
A system for evaluation of the lateral cervical sp
A system for evaluation of the lateral cervical spine radiograph 1 Assess prevertebral soft-tissu...
A system for evaluation of the lateral cervical spine radiograph
A system for evaluation of the lateral cervical spine radiograph 1 Assess prevertebral soft-tissu...
ANATOMY OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD Spinal column anatomy
ANATOMY OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD Spinal column anatomy The vertebral column is composed of a...
ANATOMY OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD Spinal column
ANATOMY OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD Spinal column anatomy The vertebral column is composed of a...
Atlantoaxial instability
Atlantoaxial instability This is defined as non-physiological movement between C1 and C2. It can b...
CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL AND SPINAL CORD INJURIES Basic management principles
CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL AND SPINAL CORD INJURIES Basic management principles Spin...
CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL AND SPINAL
CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL AND SPINAL CORD INJURIES Basic management principles Spin...
Complete versus incomplete spinal cord injury
Complete versus incomplete spinal cord injury A spinal cord injury is incomplete when there is pr...
Computed tomography
Computed tomography Computed tomography (CT) scanning with two-dimensional reconstruction remains...
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING Plain radiographs
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING Plain radiographs A full cervical spine series includes anteroposterior and la...
Dynamic imaging
Dynamic imaging Lateral flexion–extension radiographs of the cervical spine should not be underta...
EVOLUTION OF THE MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
EVOLUTION OF THE MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURY The development of specialised spinal cord inj...
FURTHER READING
FURTHER READING American Spinal Injury Association. International standards for neurological clas...
Fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis is a seronegative inflamm...
INJURY
INJURY The incidence and causation of spinal cord injury vary globally and reflect the demographi...
Identification of shock
Identification of shock Three categories of shock may occur in spinal trauma /uni25CF Hypovolaemi...
Introduction
Introduction No content extracted automatically.
LEFT
LEFT Light Touch (LTL) Pin Prick (PPL) C2 C2 C3 C2 C4 C3 Elbow flexors C5 C4 C4 UEL Wrist extenso...
Learning objectives
Learning objectives To be familiar with: The accurate assessment of spinal trauma • The basic man...
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI is indicated in all patients with neurological deficit and where as...
Neurological examination
Neurological examination The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) neurological evaluation sy...
OUTCOME
OUTCOME The goal of spinal cord injury rehabilitation is based on a multidisciplinary approach. ...
Odontoid fractures
Odontoid fractures There are three types of odontoid peg fracture ( Figure 30.27 ). Neurological...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY The primary
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY The primary injury This is the direct insult to the neural ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY The primary injury
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY The primary injury This is the direct insult to the neural ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY The primary
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY The primary injury This is the direct insult to the neural ...
PATIENT ASSESSMENT Basic points
PATIENT ASSESSMENT Basic points The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) principles apply in all c...
PERTINENT HISTORY
PERTINENT HISTORY The mechanism and velocity of injury should be determined at an early stage. A...
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Initial assessment
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Initial assessment The primary survey always takes precedence, followed by a...
Prognosis of spinal cord injury
Prognosis of spinal cord injury Despite continuing improvements in patient care, life expec - tan...
RIGHT
RIGHT Light Touch (LTR) Pin Prick (PPR) C2 C3 C4 C3 Elbow flexors C5 Wrist extensors UER C6 (Upp...
Regional variations
Regional variations Upper cervical spine anatomy is designed to facilitate motion ( Figure 30.3 )...
SPECIFIC SPINAL INJURIES Upper cervical spine (sku
SPECIFIC SPINAL INJURIES Upper cervical spine (skull–C2) Occipital condyle fracture This is a rel...
SPECIFIC SPINAL INJURIES Upper cervical spine (skull–C2)
SPECIFIC SPINAL INJURIES Upper cervical spine (skull–C2) Occipital condyle fracture This is a rel...
Spinal examination
Spinal examination The overlying skin should be inspected (e.g. for possible penetrating wounds) ...
Spinal neuroanatomy
Spinal neuroanatomy The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1/ L2 level, where i...
Spinal stability
Spinal stability Spinal stability is the ability of the spine to withstand phys iological loads ...
Subaxial cervical spine (C3–C7)
Subaxial cervical spine (C3–C7) The pattern of lower cervical spine injury depends on the mechan...
The secondary injury
The secondary injury Haemorrhage, oedema and ischaemia result in a biochemical cascade that cause...
Thoracic and thoracolumbar fractures
Thoracic and thoracolumbar fractures The system developed by the AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Oste...
cord injury
cord injury Pressure ulcers Many are preventable. Patients should be turned regularly on an appro...