CARCINOMA OF THE PENIS Aetiology

CARCINOMA OF THE PENIS Aetiology

Circumcision soon after birth confers immunity against carci - noma of the penis. Later circumcision does not seem to have the same benefit, with the assumption that smegma is in some way carcinogenic. Infection with HPV types 16 and 18 is a risk factor, as are LS ( Figur e 85.23 ) and smoking. Phimosis and chronic balanoposthitis are known to be contributory factors - and there are definite precancerous states including leukoplakia - of the glans, which is similar to the condition seen on the tongue, and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN).

Figure 85.23 Early penile cancer seen in a patient with lichen scle rosus.